Vebko

ASSEMBLYING STAGES OF AMT105 TESTER The following parts are used to assemble the AMT105 relay tester. Four wires with Four 2 pin female Phoenix connectors / Four wires with 4 pin female Phoenix connectors / Current connectors / Voltage connectors / Ribbon cables / Neutrik board Back panel Front panel / Switching module Complete side of switching module / Incomplete side of switching module / Amplifier module Complete side of amplifier module / Incomplete side of amplifier module / Case / To assemble the device, you must first install the back panel on the case. Stand the case in front of you, in a way that the power socket is on your right side. Connect one of the earth wires to the power socket and the other one to the earth socket. / / Placing the amplifier module in the case The amplifier module is placed into the case where the racks are less spaced opposite to the input power socket. / Position of amplifier module inside the case The complete side of the amplifier goes to the case wall. The edges of the module should be placed inside the 4 racks. / Connecting the socket of fan to the amplifier module Insert the module up to 5 cm to the end of the case, then take the fan wire from the back of the Spacer and connect the socket to the amplifier then push the module to the bottom of the case. / Note: make sure that the fan wire is not under any modules or inside the fan. Position of amplifier module inside the case The incomplete side of the switching module the one that only has a command board should be on the side of the case’s wall, so that the Ethernet, USB, RS232, Wi-Fi and GPS ports are downward and placed in the rear panel. / Connecting the socket of fan to the switching module Insert the module up to 5 cm to the end of the case, then take the fan wire from the back of the Spacer and connect the socket to the switching module finally push the module to the bottom of the case. / Complete fitting of the switching module By shaking the GPS port, the switching module must be fully placed at the bottom of the case. / Ethernet and USB socket must be 1 to 2 mm away from the back of the case. If the socket of the Ethernet and USB are stuck, In case ports are stuck shaking them allows them to come out from the back panel. / Note: make sure that the fan wire is not under any modules or inside the fan. Installing the front panel Before installing the front panel, check that the varnished wire connected to the back panel is completely straight. Connecting the input power cable varnished tube Connect the two heads of wires that come from the back panel to the zero side of the power switch on the panel. The guards must be faced outwards so that they can be easily opened. / Connecting four 2 pin Phoenix connectors First, connect two 2 pin female Phoenix connectors to the incomplete board of the switching modules. Connect the other side to the switching modules. / Connecting a 4 pin Phoenix connector Connect one side of the corresponding power cord to 1 key and connect the Phoenix side to the incomplete switching switchboard. / / / Connecting the Phoenix Connectors of the Front Panel First, on the left side, connect the corresponding Phoenixes to the amplifier. You should first connect the two 16 pin Phoenixes and then connect the two 5 pin Phoenixes. / Then install the appropriate phoenixes to the right side of the amplifier. / Connecting the Neutrik Board First, turn the device in a way that its socket is to your left and the Neutrik board is placed between the amplifier phoenixes so that its socket is to your right. The socket connects to the complete board of amplifier. / Complete Installing at front panel The holder is placed half way on the 6 pin Phoenix voltage connectors. Connecting the voltage 6 pin Phoenix on which the holder is placed to the switching and put the holder in place. / Connecting the voltage connectors to the incomplete side of amplifier 2 pin female Phoenix connectors with shorter wires red and black should be connected to the upper 2 pin male Phoenix connectors. / 3 pin female Phoenix connectors with shorter wires red, black and blue should be connected to the lower 3 pin male Phoenix connectors. / Tip: Before placing the phoenixes on the amplifier, place the corresponding holders on phoenixes. Connecting the current connectors to the incomplete side of switching / First, put a holder on the 8 pin current Phoenix blue wire and connect the internal 8 pin Phoenix to the incomplete switching board. / Connect the 4 pin blue longer Phoenix holder to the second male Phoenix from the bottom. Connect the 4 pin blue shorter Phoenix holder to the first male Phoenix from the bottom. / Put a holder on the 4 pin current Phoenix black wire and connect it to the incomplete switching board. Connect the 4 pin black male Phoenix to the first male Phoenix from the top. / / Put an 8 pin Phoenix red wire current and connect it to the 8 pin male Phoenix of the incomplete switching board. / Connect the 4 pin female Phoenix with longer red wire holder to the second male Phoenix from the top. Connect the 4 pin female Phoenix with a shorter red wire holder to the third male Phoenix from the top. Then assemble all the current and voltage wires with a cable tie wrap. / / / Closing a 16 cm 25 * 2 ribbon cable both sides without a guard This ribbon cable connects the entire side of the switching range to the full range of the amplifier. / Install a short legged IDC holder on the side of the amplifier module attached to the wall case. Connect the holder from one side to the IDC and connect it to the IDC by using a screwdriver or one forceps. Connecting a 15 cm 2*10 Ribbon Cable Connect the incomplete cable to the complete side of the switching module. / Installation of two amplifier holders and two switching holders on the middle rails of the case Holders must be placed on the rails and the two slots embedded on them should be placed on the module and the original board. Each holder is closed and tightened by 2 screws 16.5×2 soaked in a special screw along with a ribbon gasket on the holder and middle rails. / Placing the Micro Holder Place the micro holder on the middle rail on the one side and its two pins must be placed on the lower rails of the case on the other side. / Placing the amplifier holder and Neutrik board This holder is connected to the body of the case from one side using bolts, nuts and 8×4 flat washers. The slots embedded on this holder, on the other side, are connected to the amplifier and the neutrik board. The neutrik board on this holder is fastened by a special glued 8×3nut to a bolt and a spring washer. / Installing the holder of the module board and main switching This holder is connected to the wall of the case on one side and connected to the body of the case using bolts, screw washers, and a 8×4 flat. The other side is connected to the module and main switching. / Installation of 10 * 2 IDC holders of 10 * 2 15 cm ribbon cable Place the 2*10 holder on a ribbon cable and push it slightly towards the IDC. / Connecting the Earth wires The 2 connected wires to the case must be connected to the complete switching module and the incomplete side of the amplifier module. / Connecting the voltage connectors to the incomplete side of switching / Connect the 6 pin Phoenix voltage cable on the holder to the switching module and put the holder in its place. / Connecting the current connectors to the complete side of switching / First, connect the 8 pin black Phoenix wire with its holder to the complete switching module. Then connect the 4 pin black Phoenix wire with its holder to the complete switching module. / In the end, connect the 8 pin red Phoenix wire with its holder to the complete switching module. / / Connecting the voltage connectors of the complete side of amplifier modual The female Phoenix connector with a shorter wire on the holder should be connected to the lower 3 pin male Phoenix connector. The female Phoenix connector with a longer wire on the holder should be connected to the upper 3 pin male Phoenix connector. / Connecting the current connectors to the incomplete side of amplifier modual First, connect the 4 pin blue female Phoenix with longer wire on the holder to the second 4 pin male Phoenix connector from the bottom. Connect the 4 pin blue female Phoenix with shorter wire on the holder to the first 4 pin male Phoenix connector from the bottom. / Connect the 4 pin black female Phoenix with shorter wire on the holder to the first 4 pin male Phoenix connector from the top. Connect the 4 pin red female Phoenix connector with longer wire on the holder to the second 4 pin male Phoenix connector from the top. / Connect the 4 pin red female Phoenix connector with shorter wire on the holder to the third 4 pin male Phoenix connector from the top. / / Then assemble all the current and voltage wires with a tie wrap. / Connecting a 3.7 cm 25 * 2 ribbon cable of the front panel one side without the guard and the other side of the guard The connector of this cable is approximately in the middle and below the front panel. First, connect the switching side to the switching module, then attach the uncompressed part to the IDC Latch on the panel and close the guards. / How to connect the IDC flat cable holder to the front panel cable On IDC connected to the switching module, install a high legged holder IDC and connect the two sides of the holder base to both sides of the IDC. / When connecting the ribbon cable, pay attention to the IDC cable and the groove on the IDC modules. Closing a 5 cm 25 * 2 ribbon cable two sides without toggle This flange cable connects the full side of the switching module to the incomplete amplifier module. / Installation of two amplifier holder and two switching holders on the middle rails of the case Holders must be placed on the rails and the two slots embedded on them should be placed on the module and the original board. Each holder is closed and tightened by 2 screws 16.5×2 soaked in a special screw glue along with a flat washer on the holder and middle rails. / Installing the holder of the module board and main switching This holder is connected to the wall of the case on one side and connected to the body of the case using bolts, screw and flat washers and an 8×4 flat. The other side is connected to the module and main switching. / Placing the amplifier holder and neutrik board This holder is connected to the body of the case from one side using bolts, nuts and 8×4 flat washers. The slots embedded on this holder, on the other side, are connected to the amplifier and the neutrik board. The neutrik board on this holder is fastened by a special glued 8×3nut to a bolt and a spring washer. Turnover the device on in a way that the back panel is facing upwards. / Fasten two screws on RS232 socket / Fasten an internal tooth lock washer and a golden nut on GPS antenna of the socket Closing Doors The door with four legs must be installed underneath the device and the leg-less door is installed on the top. Place the walls in the lower grooves grooves are on the front panel frame. / Connecting the earth wires to the doors of the device On both sides of the case, two long earth wires have been attached to the body. Connect each side to its door, pull the wire a little with a small force to make sure that they are tight and steady. / / Close the doors completely Place the doors and install the legs in place; two star screws must be tightened on each side. You need a star screwdriver to tighten the screws. / DISPERESING STAGES OF AMT105 TESTER First, turn the device upside down so that the base are upwards, we then open the case base using Allen wrench 3. After separating the base, separate the 4 screws connected to the case doors. Now the case doors are released and we need to remove the yellow earth cables that are attached to the door. Next, put the base in its own place then open the nuts for the GPS antenna and the dongle port and return the case over. Now open the 14 screws in the front panel then release the green connectors attached to the panel Phoenix. After phoenixes, it is time to release the flat panel cable and the toggle is pulled from the sides of the free cable, separated from the panel. In the next step, we release the 4 sockets attached to the key and 1 socket attached to the earth panel, now the front panel comes out of the case easily. First, we remove the yellow cable earth. To remove the cables, you must first cut all belt clamps. Separate the holders attached to the phoenixes, then remove the latched flat cable by pressing the toggles. In the next step, to separate the holder related the Neutrik, use Allen wrench 3, two screws attached to the holder, box wrench 5.5, open the nut attached to the holder and remove the screw attached to the right switch bracket. Remove the twin screws with Allen wrench 3. The blue and brown wires are then connected to each side of the circuit, first cutting the bracket and then the phoenix 2-pin connector. Open the 4 holders on the middle rail using allen wrench 2 and then go to the other side of the device and seprate the 2 earth cables from the device and release the holder related to the flat at the bottom of the device on the right side using a screwdriver. Seprate the other side that has a latch by releasing the latch from the device. Cut the belt clamps, releasing cables from Phoenix using a screwdriver. In the next step, release the flat cable holders attached to the switch, pull the flat back and separat it. Disconnect the Neutrik board connected to the amplifier and open the 2 Neutrik holder that is attached to the case body using Allen wrench 3 and the nut under the Neutrik board with a 5.5 box wrench. Remove the flat panel holder then release the flat, finally, open the holder that connects the switching to the case by 2 screws with Allen wrench 3 and separate it. Open the screws for 4 holders on the middle rail using Allen wrench 2; then open the screw on the micro holder with Allen wrench 2 and remove the holder. Finally, all the cables and screws are opened; the amplifier and switching module are freed and the fan sockets are released once ejected and easily removed from the case. INTRODUCING THE DEVICE AND EQUIPMENT In order to remove the device from the suitcase, by pressing the push button, the handle of the device should be placed in a 45 degree angle and taken out of the case. / To change the status of handle of the device, it is necessary to press the side buttons of the device simultaneously and then the status should be changed. Once the device is positioned on the intended surface, the handle of the device can be put on the device by pressing the push button. / Also, it is possible for the handle to be positioned beneath the device so it could be used as a stand for the device. In addition, the bases that are installed under the device can be used for this purpose. / At the bottom of the device are the air conditioning grooves and it is crucial to consider that, while positioning the device, these grooves must not be blocked under any circumstances. / The front panel of the device consists of the outputs, inputs, device status lights, and the on/off power button. / If the green light of the main relay is on, it means that all main switches of the device are on. / If the green light of “CONNECTED” is on, it means that the device is correctly connected to the software via PC or mobile phone. / If the red light of “ERROR” is on, it means that there is a problem with the device and it has stopped working. As long as the problem is not resolved, this light will remain on and the device will not work. / The two voltage groups A and B allow the user to receive up to 150V AC and 212V DC in all four phases simultaneously with a precision of 10mV with a maximum current of 0.4A AC and 0.6A DC as well as up to 2A in transient mode. By changing the wiring, it is possible to receive up to 450V single-phase AC from the device. Also, it is possible to increase the output voltage and provide the user with a 150V AC with a maximum current of 0.8A by changing the wiring and paralleling the two current sources. / The two current groups A and B allow the user to receive up to 32A in all six phases simultaneously or three-phase 64A. Moreover, by changing the wiring, it is possible to receive up to 128 single-phase amperes from the device. / At the “Auxiliary DC” output, a DC voltage as high as 0 to 212V is permanently adjustable. This voltage is independent of the test and can be used to switch on other devices such as relays. / This is where the integrated cable is connected. The amount of the current and the output voltage of this port are the same as the amounts of the current and voltage ports that have been described earlier. / / The analog inputs of the device are capable of receiving both analog and digital signals. All 8 inputs can be active simultaneously. Other than reading them, these inputs can show the waveform of voltage in three voltage levels of 4.5, 30 and 188V with the precision of 1, 3 and 10mV. / The “Analog DC Input” section is capable of measuring voltages up to 200mV with a precision of 50µV and current up to 500mA with a precision of 50µA. / Generally, the back of the device consists of various components including: Earth port Fuse Power supply RS232 port USB port type A GPS USB port type B LAN and Wi-Fi switches Ethernet port This port is used to protect the earth connection and the earth cable of the device is connected to this port. / In this section, in order to protect the device, a 15A and 250V fuse is used. / The power supply port is located here. The power cord of the device is plugged to this port. / The RS232 port is mainly used for resetting the IP and updating the firmware. To do this, the RS232 dongle, which is a part of the equipment of the device, needs to be connected to this port. Then, the necessary operation, described in the following animations, needs to be performed. / In this section, by using the switch, the communication protocol between the device and laptop is selected. If the switch is up, the connection is via Wi-Fi and if the switch is down, the connection is via LAN. The LAN port located under this switch is used for the mentioned communication. The laptop settings for connecting a laptop to the device are described in the following animations. / The GPS antenna, which is used for time synchronization of two devices for performing a longitudinal test, is connected to this part. / Inside the black bag comes with a one-way wire-to-female connection, a lizard clip, a 30 cm test wire, a 10 cm test wire and a 4 mm test socket, and a belt clamp and a test socket 4 mm in diameter. Other pieces of equipment that come with the device are communication cables which are used for communicating with the relay and injecting voltage or current. This side of the cable which has a fixed head is connected to the device and the head on the other side which has a dynamic plastic guard is connected to the equipment. LAN cable The blue cable, shown, is used to connect the device to a laptop. Earth cable The yellow cable is the ground earth wire where its place of connection to the device was shown earlier. While one side of this cable is connected to the device, the other side, where the crocodile clip is attached, is connected to the location of the ground connection. The black cable on the right is the power cable and the one on the left is the GPS antenna cable. This antenna is used for End to End tests. The GPS antenna is used for time synchronization of two devices to performe a longitudinal test. Serial Dongle: This dongle is used to reset the device. The 2nd and 3rd pins of this dongle are interconnected, so if the dongle cannot be accessed, the device can be reset by connecting the 2nd and 3rd pins to the RS232 port located on the back of the device. Capacitor box In this capacitor set, there are 3 capacitors 10000μF which are used as a filter in equipment tests. Integrated or Neutrik cable This cable has 6 output wires on one end and a single part on the other which is connected to the device. To plug this cable, first insert the tab of the combination cable as it is shown in the image. Then, after the Neutrik cable is inserted, spin it to the right until the metal pin fits into its place. To unplug the Neutrik cable, pull the tab and spin it to the left. After the spin is complete, it can be removed. There are several labels attached to the sides of the device. The first label includes contact information for device support. The second label includes the serial number and technical information of the device. Soft bag/ Backpack This case is designed for convenient transportation of the device. To place it inside the case, the device must be standing perpendicular to the surface. Then it can be placed in the case and after that, the case can be closed. At the front and back of the case, there are pockets where the equipment of the device can be placed. Inside the backpack, along with the device, there are three 7-meter cables and 8 clamps for testing transformers and circuit breakers, as well as several clamps to hold the connection between the cables. SOFTWARE INSTALLATION Vebko company's software comes in two versions of “Stable” and “Test”. All the latest changes of the software are added to this version and, as the title suggests, it is a test version and may contain software bugs. Once these bugs are fixed, a stable version is released in which all the software issues are solved and it can be easily used. It, also, may not contain all features of the test version. Note that you can install both test and stable versions at the same time without facing any problem. To download the latest test or stable versions, you can visit the software section at www.vebko.ir. It should be noted that, before installing the software, if an older version of the software is already installed on the currently being used system, to install a newer version, there is no need to uninstall the old version and the newer version will automatically replace the old one. To install the software, run the “Test.exe” file. Then, to continue, select "Next". It is necessary to install the "WinPcap" software before trying to install the Vebko software. / / Click on "Next" option again. Then the WinPcap 4.1.3 Setup message will pop up which means that this software has been installed before and if it is necessary to reinstall it, select "Ok"; otherwise you can select "Cancel" to continue. If the software has not been installed on the currently being used system, the "Install" option will be available to install the WinPcap software. Now, in the opened window, check the "I agree" option and click on "Install". Installing the AMPro Test software takes a few seconds. Now you can run the software by clicking on the "Run" option. In the "Security" section on the main page of the software, by clicking on "Open Source Location", the location where the software is installed will be opened. On this page, right-click on the "AMPro Application.exe" file and select "Properties". Now, in the "Compatibility" tab, check the "Run this program as an administrator" option. Then, you need to repeat the same process for the "AMPro APP Launcher.exe" file. / / / After doing so,installation software process is finished and it can be use it for testing. /. HOW TO CONNECT TO AMT105 In order to be able to perform various tests with the device, it is necessary to connect to it via a laptop or computer. Before starting the device, the earth wire from the back of the device needs to be connected. Note that if the outlet is grounded, there is no need to connect the ground wire from the back of the device. Then, the power cord is connected to the specified location on the back of the device. After connecting the power cord, the power button on the front of the device is pressed and the device turns on. As the device turns on, 8 binary input lights on the bottom row and 2 analog DC input lights on the top right turn on. There are two ways to connect to the device: Wi-Fi and LAN. The switch on the back of the device is adjusted according to the connection type. To switch the LAN connection, one end of the LAN cable is connected to the device and the other end is connected to the laptop. When the device and the laptop are properly connected and the switch is changed from Wi-Fi to LAN, the LAN port light of the device and the laptop turn on. The setting for the connection of the LAN port is set only once for each computer before the first connection. To set these settings, go to the "Control Panel" and open "Network and Sharing Center". / On this window, by clicking on "Change Adapter Setting" another window opens. There are several sections on this window. To change the LAN settings, double click on "Ethernet". Click on “Internet Protocol Version 4” in the opened window. On this window, enter 192.168.1.20 in the "IP Address" field and then close the window. Then, open the "AMPRO" software. By clicking on "Setting" on the start page of the software, a new window opens. / On this window, enter the last three digits of the serial number of the device in the fourth part of the IP field. To connect to the device, click on “CONNECT”. If a new version is connected to the device, the "Firmware" of the device will be updated once and after the green bar is filled, the device will be connected in a few seconds. To connect via Wi-Fi, the switch on the back of the device needs to be set on “Wi-Fi”. Then, from the "Wi-Fi" in quick launch bar on the laptop, find and select the Wi-Fi connection of the device. The password for this connection is the serial number available from the label attached to the side of the device. Once the connection is complete, click on “Setting” on the start page of the software. On this page, enter the last two digits of the serial number of the deivce in the fourth part of the "I" field. To connect to the device, click on “CONNECT”. / / SIMULTANEOUS CONNECTION OF SEVERAL TESTERS The user can view all devices that are, through different protocols, connected to the laptop on the "Available Devices" tab on the "Preferences" page. By clicking on "Start Search", after a few seconds, the list of network adaptor options of the system will appear in the "Interfaces" slider. / By clicking on any network adaptor, the list of devices connected to the laptop, as well as all their connection information, will be displayed. If the user does not know the name of their network adaptor, they should go to the "Control Panel" page and click on "Network and Sharing Center". Then, on the left side of this page, they should click on "Change Adapter Setting". If the connection cable of the device that is connected to the laptop is unstable, this instability is indicated by the connection's getting activated and deactivated on the "Network Adaptor" page. / / Upon returning to the "Available Devices" page, by clicking on the currently being used "Network Adaptor", the name and IP of the device will be displayed along with its other connection information. If the user does not have access to the IP of the device, they can find it by following these steps and it will no longer be necessary for them to reset the IP of the device. / On the "Connection & Firmware" tab, the settings for the device connection, changing the IP and updating the firmware can be set. One of the features of this software is connecting to multiple devices at the same time. To do so, by clicking on the green plus button on the "AMT" tab, a new row is added to this table. On each row is the connection information which should be different from other connections. / In the case of connecting to multiple devices through one software, it should be noted that while connecting through a network adaptor", each connection must have a unique "Mac" and “IP” Address. To do this, first, you need to connect to the first device by entering its IP. Then, by clicking on the second row and entering the IP of the second device connect to it and if the "Mac" addresses are the same, make a small change in them and by clicking on "Set to AMT" apply the changes. / After properly connecting to multiple devices, by using them, multiple tests can be performed simultaneously. For example, if the two rooms of "AMT Sequencer" and "AMT Distance" are opened, by selecting the "AMT" connection in the "AMT Sequencer" room and "AMT1" in the "AMT Distance" room, by using two devices, two tests can be performed at the same time and two relays can be tested simultaneously. / RESETTING IP ADDRESS When the LEDs of all binaries are on or you do not connect to the device according to the relevant settings, you must reset the device IP using the dongle. Before resetting the device’s IP address, it is necessary to make sure that the device is turned off. Then, the RS232 dongle is connected to its specific port on the back of the device. / Upon turning on the device, you can see that, the error lights of the device will start blinking / After blinking several times, there is a pause and then the device will start blinking again. After this process is repeated for the third time, the user should turn off the device and disconnect the RS232 dongle from the back of the device / Now, the IP address of the device is reset and its serial for connecting via Wi-Fi is changed to 199. After turning on the device, to establish the connection between the device and the laptop, enter “199” in the fourth part of the IP field on the “Setting” page. / Note that if you do not have a dongle or even an RS232 port, you can use a thin wire to do it. As can be seen, it is enough to connect pins 2 and 3 with a thin wire. UPDATING FIRMWARE OF DEVICE MANUALLY To update the "Firmware" manually, first, it is necessary for the device to be turned off. Then click on “Disconnect” in the “Preferences” screen, so that the software will not send ping to device after the device is turned on. / To get started, the RS232 dongle needs to be connected to its specific port on the back of the device Also, the device and the laptop must be connected via LAN cable. / It can be seen that, after the device turns on, the "ERROR" light in the front panel of the device starts blinking. / On the main page of the software, click on “Update Firmware in Flash Mode”. Then, you have to wait for the green bar to get filled. After that, a message will be displayed. By clicking on “OK”, you can finish updating the “Firmware”. / Turn off the device and unplug the RS232 dongle. GENERAL SETTING OF ROOMS There are four main tabs in the software “setting” page. The “Room” tab provides a number of features for different rooms. In the "Date-Time" section, you can select “Persian” or “Christian” as the type of the date used in the output report. By using the other three options in this section, it is possible to show the name of the month and week and milliseconds in the report. / In rooms such as "AMT-Distance" and "AMT-Overcurrent", next to each of the "Fault Types" are written numbers which show the test points, the number of passed test points, the number of failed test points, the number of test points that are outside the range of the device and the number of untested test points respectively. With this explanation, unchecking each of these options in the "Show/Hide Test Counters" will cause the number of points associated with that option not to be displayed. / / In the "Report Refresh Interval" field of the "Report" section, the update time for the report is specified. In the "Report Package" section, the default settings for the "Reports" are adjusted. In the "Extra Tools" section, clicking on the " Template Report Generator", opens the "PDF Report Creator" page where the desired test files can be imported to get a report. By clicking on "Remove Signature", the "Remove Signature from Report" page opens where, without needing to open the test files, the added signatures to the reports can be removed. In the "Template" section, the settings of the "Test Object" of the device as well as the settings related to displaying numbers in the "Decimal Places" are adjusted. / By checking the "Auto Save" option, the software saves the last changes made to the test page according to the time specified in the "Interval" field. These files are also saved in the location specified in the “Directory” box in “History” section.The maximum reserved size for these files and the maximum duration of time that these files are kept in the system is specified in the “Max Size” and “Max Time” filed, respectively,and the user is able to change these values. By unchecking any of these options, the limitation is removed as well. By doing this, if the software crashes for any reason, the test page and the user information will remain safe. / In the "Alert-Tone on Hardware Error" dropdown field, you can select an alert sound for when there is a hardware error in the device. The settings for specifying and changing the sizes of the tables of the rooms such as "Distance" and "Differential" are adjusted in the "Styles of Tables" section. You can customize the "Key Setting" section to be able to use the "Enter" key and the arrow keys to move in the cells of a table. In the "Communication Mode" section, you can choose between "Service System" and "Integrated System" for the connection between different rooms and pages of the software. "Appearance Setting of Groupbox" is designed for personalizing user interface. This setting is divided to two categories of “text” and “border”, which are used to personalizing the borders , color and text’s fonts. In the following tutorials, all of the above will be stated in detail as well as how to adjust the settings. / / / / GENERAL SETTING OF ROOMS, PART2 In the “Templates” section, by clicking on the “Device” button, a new screen named"Device Settings" appears in which the default settings for the Device are set. If changes are made to this section, clicking on the "Save to Template" button will save these changes as a template. After confirming the setting, The user can reset the settings saved as the template, by visiting the “General Test Object” in any of the rooms and clicking on “Load Template” in ”Device Setting” screen. / Clicking on the “Decimal Places” button opens a screen named “Number of Decimal Places Settings” where the accuracy of the numbers and the number of digits visible for every parameter are determined. In the “Item Type” field, the desired section or room is selected and in the “Sample Value” field a number has been inserted as an example. The name and unit of the parameter are seen in the “Parameter Name” and “Absolute Unit” columns respectively. In the “Absolute Eng. Factor” column, the number of digits displayed is specified. For example, if number 7 is entered in this column, 7 digits of the number entered in the “Sample Value” are displayed. All changes made on this screen are considered as default for this section in the software and applied to different rooms. For example, if "Sequencer" is selected in "Item Type" field, by making and confirming some changes in this screen, via opening “Sequencer" room and checking "Decimal Places", it can be seen that done setting considered as default. There are several audio files available in the “Alert Tone on Hardware Error” section in the “Preferences” screen which can be used as the alarm tone in case of a hardware error. / / By activating the “Automatic” option in the “Style of Tables”, dimensions of table cells will be set by the software automatically. By activating the “Manual” option, the user can modify the dimensions of the cells of the tables. In this drop-down list, user chooses how table cells dimensions be set. In the “height of table cells” the height of each cell is adjusted by pixels. For example by selecting and confirming "All Cells", If you visit the “Distance” room and shot several points, you see the width of each column is equal to the title of its header and due to selecting "Manual" state its dimensions is changeable by the user. In the “Key Setting” section, by activating the “Enter like Tab in Forms” option, the user chooses “Enter” as the “Tab” key to move between the cells. By activating the “Arrow like Tab in Forms” option, the user chooses to move between the cells in the tables by using the arrow keys. / By selecting “Service System” in the “Communication Mode” section, each of the rooms on the first screen of the software, if opened, will launch as a separate exe file and each window will be used independently from the windows of other rooms which will reduce the use of system resources; however, by selecting the “Integrated System” option, if several rooms are running simultaneously, all of them will be running in the same exe file. In this case, in addition to using more system resources, if a window is running in one of the rooms, the other rooms and screens of the software will not be usable. / DEFAULT SETTING FOR “REPORT” In the “Room” tab and in the “Report” section, the time of updating the reports in the rooms, if any changes happen, it indicates in the “Report Refresh Interval” field. For example, the test information is checked every five seconds and if there is any change the report is updated. In this section, by clicking on the “Setting” button a new window named “Report Setting” is opened. In “Item Type” the default settings can be specified to get the report from a specific room or screen. /. / / The elements that can be added to the report by the user are located in the “Report Setting” section of this window. By checking the main option, the user can add all the subsets to their output report. If the user chooses only some of the subsets of the main option, the square sign next to the main option will be displayed as a half-filled square. In the column next to the "Report Setting" section, the user can select HTML or PDF as the format of the report preview. / / By clicking on the "Advance" button, the screen is displayed more extensively, and more settings can be applied to the report. By checking each of these categories, their subcategory is opened and the needed settings can be applied. At the top of this screen, there are options used for saving the applied settings and using them again later. / For instance, if “Sequencer” is selected in the “Item Type” and some specific settings are set at default and confirmed, after entering the “Sequencer” room, selecting the “Report View” option from “View” menu and reviewing the “Report Setting” section and then selecting “Load from Template” option, you will see that the same settings are set at default for this section as well. In the "Extra Tools" section, the user is allowed to click on the "Report Generator" button and get a report on the saved test files without needing to open them. After clicking on this button, a screen called "PDF Report Creator" opens. On this screen, the user can select their test files to get a report on by clicking on the “Select Input Files” button. For example, the first two files are selected. The user can, also, by clicking on the “Select Input Folders”, select a folder including several test files. and insert them into the “Files” section. For example, “Vebko Test Files” folder is selected. By clicking on the “Clear” button, the files inserted for getting a report can be removed from the list. / / / / / / / By selecting the “Open Folder after Creating PDF” option in the “Other Setting” section, the folder where the file is saved will be displayed right after the report is made. In the “Output” section, by selecting the “Save Report in File Directory” option, the report files can be saved at the same directory as where the files are imported from. If the “Save all Report to Selected Directory” option is selected, the user can select a specific directory and save all their reports in that directory. / / / There are two options available in the “Overwrite File” section. In order to clarify this issue with an example, a file is imported for getting a report. By selecting the “Bypass Existing PDFs” option, if they’re already exists a report on a file in the selected directory, the software does not make another report on that file. The appearance of this screen is due to the prior selection of the “Open Folder after Creating PDF” option which can be disabled. By selecting the “Overwrite Existing PDFs”, the new report replaces the previous one. / In the “Report Setting” section, by selecting the “Load Report Setting from File” option, it is specified that for making the reports, the setting from the loaded files should be used. By selecting the “Load Report Setting From Template” option, the settings which are saved in the Template file will be used for making the reports. In the “Device Setting” section, by selecting the “Load Device Setting from File” option, it is specified that for making the reports, the Device setting from the loaded files will be used, while in the same section, by selecting the “Load Device Setting from Template” option the settings which are saved in the Template file will be used for making the reports. By selecting the “Include Test Object Active Test” option in the “Report Setting of Instrument” section, if a report is made on the Instrument test files, the information existing in the “Test Object” tab will be included in the report under any circumstances. / / / / By selecting “Include Last Active Test” option, the previously saved equipment test files and the last performed test which has not been cleared by the user, by selecting “Add to Report” radio-button the report of that test is added to the report as well but if the user has added the test result to the output report, by selecting “Bypass When Added To Report” radio-button, the software does not add the test result to the output report again. / / By clicking on the “Remove Signature” button in the “Extra Tools” section on the “Preferences” screen, a new screen named “Remove Signature from Report” appears in which the user can remove the existing signatures from the reports on their desired files. On this screen, by clicking on the “Select Input Files” button, the user selects their files for removing the signature. By clicking on the “Select Input Folder” button, the user can select a folder containing several report files and import all of these files into this list altogether. After the report files have been added to the list, by clicking on the “Modify” button, the existing signatures in the report will be deleted along with the framework around the report as well as the added names to the signature. / / / / PREFERENCES PAGE "DIRECTORY" & "CASH" TAB In the "Directory" tab, the default paths for saving files are specified. By clicking on any of the file formats, this default path can be changed. For example, by double-click on "AMPro-Distance Report Files", its path can be changed to desktop. To save the existing report file, open "Report View" in the "Distance” room and click on the “Export Report”. It is seen that the saving path is located on the desktop‬. / By checking the squares in the “Remember Last Location” column, it is specified that if the user chooses another path while storing the file, the software should remember that path. For example, if you open the “Distance” room, and set the report file saving path on drive “C” and save the file and then if you try to save the file again you can see that the saving path has been changed to that folder.‬‬‬ / By clicking on the “Restore Selected to Defaults” button in the “Preferences” tab, the changes made to the squares in the “Remember Last Location” column are restored and reset to the default settings. For example if three squares become unchecked and two of them be selected. By clicking on "Restore Selected to Defaults" it's seen that these squares are gotten back to default state. / By clicking on the “Reset to Default” button, all settings are reset to the default values. It is possible to save the changes made to the settings of this section in a file by clicking on the “Export” button. When necessary, this file can be imported and applied to other screens. Settings related to different sections of the software are saved in the paths stored in the “Cache” tab. In order to prevent software slowdown in the long run, the software cache must be cleared. For clearing the cache of the software, the “Clear” button should be used. The “Open Roaming Directory” button opens the path where the cache is stored. In this folder, cache files can be viewed or cleared. For clearing, select all of the folders then press the delete button on keyboard. / "CONNECTION & FIRMWARE"TAB In the "Connection & Firmware" tab on the "Setting" page, the settings for the device connection and "Firmware Update" can be adjusted. Also, the settings for the connection can be adjusted in the "Details" section. The "IP" field is used to connect to the device. In the past, the last three digits of the device's serial number were used for the fourth part of this field, but as of 15/07/2019, the last two digits of the device's serial number are used for this purpose. The "DNS", "Gateway", 'Subset Mask" and "Port" fields are used for network connections. Once connected to the device, you can change these elements and then by selecting the "Set to ATM" option the changes can be saved. / The "Serial Number" is not changeable by a user and after connecting to the device, the last three digits of the device's serial is written in this part. The "Version" field displays the current version of the device and the "Minimum Version" field displays the minimum version that allows updating the “Firmware". In the "MAC Address" field, users can use the same software to connect to two devices. If the "MAC Address" of both devices is the same, it is necessary to change one of them. "MAC Address" of a device consists of 6 2-character parts. Enabling the "Enable Update Connection Date by Device" option causes the information of this part to be refreshed continually. If the user wishes to make and apply some changes in this section, they should uncheck the mentioned option and by clicking on the "Set to AMT" option, apply the changes. / The “Connect” button is used to connect to the device, / the “Refresh Connection” button is used to connect and disconnect the device once, / the “Disconnect” button is used to disconnect the device, / the “Ping Entered IP” button is used to check the authenticity of the connection to the device via LAN. / and, finally, the “Ping Wi-Fi” botton is used to check the authenticity of the connection to the device via "Wi-Fi". / If the connection is made via LAN, by clicking on the “Ping Entered IP”, the IP which is entered in this section will be pinged. / If the connection is made via Wi-Fi, by clicking on “Ping Wi-Fi”, this IP 192.168.1.1, which is specified for the Wi-Fi of all devices, will be pinged. / “Update Firmware” is used to update the firmware of the device which is, usually, done automatically after connecting to the device. If it didn’t happen automatically, the “Update Firmware in Flash Mode” must be used. How to use this option is explained in the related animation. / DEVICE HARDWARE SETTING The general settings of the device are adjusted in the “Hardware” tab on the “Preferences” page. In the “Fan mode” section, selecting "Silent" will change the speed of the "Fan" depending on the temperature of the switches or heatsinks of the device which is displayed on this page. But, if the "Max.Power" option is selected, the fan of the device will work at its maximum power constantly. / / By activating the "Smart Delay" option, if the temperature of the device reaches 55 degrees, in the rooms such as "Distance" and "OverCurrent" where points are used for the test, the test will automatically pause and a message saying "Cooling" will be displayed on the bottom bar of the test screen. The test will not resume until the temperature reaches 45 degrees. The maximum operating temperature of the device is specified in the "Maximum Temperature" section. If the temperature of the device exceeds this value, the device will stop working completely. This value can be changed up to 70 degrees but, except for certain conditions, the user must not set the temperature above 60 degrees. / In the "Switch Off After Test" section, the user can specify how many seconds after the test is finished, the current and voltage switches should be opened. This number is set to 5 seconds by default but it can be increased up to 10 seconds.In the "Deviation" section, the reporting conditions for “Other” errors can be specified. By default, it is specified in the software that if there is a difference between actual voltage of the device and value specified in the software exceed 4 volts or the current difference goes over 500 mA, the “Other” error should be displayed. In the "Relative" section, this value is specified as a percentage of the value specified in the test. In the actual operating mode, the device uses the lowest value among these two for the error message. / / In the "Binary Input Status" section, it is specified which binary is connected and which binary is not. / In the "Disable Error" section, a list of possible errors of the device is available and you can disable them. "Select All Error Other": this error is displayed when the device is unable to produce the current and voltage asked by the user. The cause for this error can be the voltage outputs' short circuting or the current outputs' open-circuting. By opening the drop-down of each errors’ fields, any error can be disabled for a number of voltage and current outputs. "Select All Error Self": every time before running the test, the device checks its internal hardware to determine whether it is capable of generating +50V or -50V of voltage and +5A and -5A of current. If there is a problem, the device displays a "Self" error. "Error Thermal": this error is displayed when the temperature of the device's sensors is increased. Occasionally, the thermal sensor of one of the switches has a problem, indicating irrational temperatures such as 800 degrees. In this case, in the slider of this section, it is possible to deactivate the thermal error to continue working with the device. "Error Over Current Binary 9": the binary 9 of the device can measure the current up to 500mA. If the input current of this binary exceeds this value, this error is displayed. "Select All Error Over Voltage Binary": depending on the duration specified for them, if their input voltage exceeds the specified limit, the binary inputs of the device will display this error. For instance, in the 4.5V mode, if the input voltage of any of the binaries exceeds 4.5V, the device will display this error. In the "Times For ignoring Over Voltage Binary" field, the maximum time allowed to ignore the "Over Voltage" error of the binary is specified. By default, it is set that if the time for the "Over Voltage" error is not shorter than 100 milliseconds, the device will not display any error about this matter. / This should be noted that, since "Thermal Error" and "Error Over Current Binary 9" are among the fatal "Errors" of the device, their deactivation setting will not be saved by the software and will be disabled each time the software is run, then if this "Error" needs to be disabled, the user must do this manually. The "Check RAM" section is used for testing the RAM that is used in the “AMT”. In the "Repetition" field, the number of times that a series of data are written in the RAM and erased is specified. This section can be used in case of uncertainty about the performance of the device's RAM. Since the writing and reading operations are performed on the RAM multiple times, eventually, if there is a problem in this process, the error light on the panel of the device will turn on. / In the "Earth" section, it is possible to enable or disable the "Earth" error of the device. If the "Enable" option is checked, it is necessary to connect the "Earth" cable to perform the test. Otherwise, an “Earth” error will be displayed and the device will stop working. This error can be deactivated by unchecking the “Enable” option. But, it is vital to note that, doing so during the test can be lethal and as it is ,also, stated in the displayed message, Vebko company will not be responsible. / It is possible to activate or deactivate the main hardware switches of the device in the “Switches” section. The switch number 1 is related to the voltages and currents of the group A output. The switch number 2 is related to the voltages and currents of the group B and VDC. By deactivating every switch, all outputs of that switch will be deactivated. / In the "Combination Cable" section, if the "Voltage" option is selected, the outputs of the Neutrik cable will include three current and three voltage phases. But if the "Current" option is selected, the output of the cable will consist of two three-phase current groups which are used for various tests such as differential test. / The "Open VDC Setting" option is used to enable the DC output voltage of the device. By clicking on this option, the "VCD Diagrams" page opens. On this page, in the "DC Value" field of the "Apply" section, the output DC value of this port is specified. This value can be set up to a maximum of 212V DC. By clicking on the "Apply" option, the "AUX DC" port of the device will inject the amount that is specified in the "DC Value" field. The "AUX DC" output can be disabled by clicking on the "Disable DC" option. By activating the "Record Period" option in the next field, a duration of time is specified for recording the output signal of this port. / In the "Now Value" section, the amount of current and voltage produced by the "AUX DC" port is displayed. The "Max Current" field shows the maximum current pulled from this port. In the following two diagrams, the instantaneous amounts of voltage and DC current of this port are indicated. It is also possible to save the settings set on this page as a PDF file by clicking on the "Export Report" option. To reset and update the amount of the current displayed in the "Max Current" section, you can click on the "Reset Max Current" option. / By checking the "Dancing Light" option, the LEDs in front of the device will turn on in a dancing manner. This operation is to test the healthy "LED" binary inputs of the device. / SOFTWARE START PAGE The "Start" page of the software is the first page that the you face when the software is opened. At the top right is the version name of the software "Stable", "Test" as well as its version number. If a new version of the software is provided by Vebko, when you are connected to the internet, an option, saying "New Version is Available" will appear at the top right. By clicking on this option, you can download and install the latest version of the software. Clicking on the "What's New" option opens a page in which the fixes or the features added to different versions of the software are displayed. For preparing these versions, first, Vebko experts present the software problems and suggestions to the software group. Then, after evaluating and correcting this group, the new features are displayed in detail on this page. / By clicking on the "Launch Remote Help" option, you can connect to the online software support via one of the two available methods of "AnyDesk" or "Ammyy Admin". For using AnyDesk, first, the user needs to give the 9-digit number called AnyDesk ID, which is available at the top left of the "New Connection" page, to the supporter. Then, the supporter will enter the code in the "Remote Desk" section and press "Connect" to connect to the user's "Desktop" page. / / Also, by clicking on "Ammyy Admin", the "Ammyy Admin-Free" page opens. Then, the user needs to give their "ID" and "Password" to the supporter. After that, the supporter will enter this information and connect to the user's desktop. / The "Relay Modules" section contains the special software for Vebko’s relay. In the "Tester Modules" section, different relay test rooms are on the left while equipment test rooms are on the right. / You can adjust the settings for all test pages by clicking on the "Preferences" option. In all rooms, you can see two letters and numbers at the top right of the screen: / 1- "M" means that how many megabytes of the ram is occupied by this page. / 2- "AS" which is "Auto Save" means that if you make a change to the file, after passing the time that is specified in front of this option, the software automatically saves the status of the file and if there is a previous file, the new file replaces the existing one. After the filed is saved, a message saying "Auto Save Done" will be displayed at the bottom of the page. / The software repeats this saving process every 30 seconds which can be changed in the “Auto Save” section in the "Room" tab on the "Preferences" page. This saved file is displayed in the "Recovery" option. If the software crashes for any reason, by clicking on the "Recovery" option, you can recover and view the last saved version of your file. This is an advantage for the software because the "Ctrl+Z" key combination recovers the changes based on this 30 seconds and if the software crashes, the test file will not be destroyed. / / By clicking on the "Security", two options open. "Clear Cache" option which is used to clear the cache of the software. / When you install the software for the first time, you should click on the "Open Source Location" option to run both "AMPro Application" and "AMPro APP Launcher" files as an administrator. To do this, right-click on the mentioned files, then select "Properties" and in the "Compatibility" tab, check the "Run this program as an administrator" option. After that, you can close the window. / The "Contact us" option provides you with ways to connect with experts at Vebko. / The "About" option, provides the user with information about Vebko company. / By clicking the "Help" option, provides the user with the reference manual and of the tester and the software. / Various tasks are performed in the "AMT" section. You can directly connect or disconnect to the device by holding on the "Control" button and left-clicking on this image. The figure in this section indicates the connection status to the device. By double-clicking on this section, it is possible to enter the "Preferences" page directly. If you want to connect to multiple devices at the same time, right-click on this section and select the device name to connect to it. By doing this, the device name will appear on the left of the screen. / GENERAL TYPES OF ROOMS Generally, there are two types of testing rooms available on the main page of the software. The “VCC” room: this room provides you with a place to perform a series of different tests. Also, it is possible to perform several tests from different rooms in a continuous manner in this room. / The other rooms including “AMT Sequencer”, “AMT Distance”, “AMT Transformer” and “AMT Differential”, have the same main page. The only difference is that in these rooms, a few features are made hidden or shown according to the needs. For example, in the “Hardware” section in the “Sequencer” room, there is an option for “Calibration” but in the same section in the “Distance” room, this option is not available and has been made hidden. / All necessary features for performing different tests are available in the “Sequencer” room. “Table View”, “Detail View” and “Measurement View” are the important windows of this page while the “Table View” and “Measurement View” are not available in the other rooms. Also, the “Detail View” window in this room is different from the “Detail View” in the other rooms like “Distance”. In rooms like “Overcurrent”, “Distance” and “Differential”, which are also called the “Medium” rooms, the “Table View” and “Measurement View” windows are not available but instead, the “Test View” window is available in these rooms. Generally, the “Test View” window is the same in all “Medium” rooms. In the “Test View”, some options are made hidden or shown according to the needs. For example, in the “Differential” room, the “I diff” and “I bias” fields are available, while in the “Distance” room, the “[z,Left:0,Top:0,Right:0,Bottom:0,Scale:50%]” and “phi” fields are available. Some parts like “Trigger” and “Binary Output” are the same in all rooms because changing their parameters was not deemed to be necessary. Those rooms which are used for testing the equipment are called “State Sequencer” and the windows available in the “Sequencer” rooms are, also, available in these rooms. Moreover, the “Instrument View” window, which is not available in the “Sequencer” rooms, is added to these rooms. Some windows including “Vector View” and “Signal View” are similar in all rooms and have the same structure but it is possible that some of their information is made hidden or shown according to the needs. TOOLBAR AND STATUS BAR, PART 1 By opening each room, a page which contains several windows opens Along with these windows there is the toolbar and the status bar. After closing these windows, the explanation of different parts of the menu and the toolbar will be given in the video This toolbar is the same in all sections and the “Sequencer” room has another toolbar which is exclusive to it. / To open a new room, click on "File" and select “New". You can also access the files that have already been saved by selecting “Open". Use “Save" or “Save as" to save a file. Use “Recent" to access the files that have recently been saved. / Use “Security” to encrypt a file the encryption has three levels the first level, full permission, allows users with an encryption code to access the settings, run the test file and save the output. / In the second level, users cannot change the settings but can only run the test file and save the output in the third level of encryption, users can only view the file. / Use "Export Report" to save the test file as PDF. Use “Exit" to close and exit the test page. Click on “View" and select “Toolbars" to see different modes of the toolbar Add or remove the check mark to show or hide the icons. / Use “Status Bar" to hide or show the status bar at the bottom of the page. / The "Units" option has three parts: / Choosing time between “Cycles" and “Seconds”. By default, time is displayed in terms of seconds while by selecting “Cycles” the time is displayed in terms of cycles. Determine the cycle time in “Test Object", the “Device” block and then in the “f nom” field. If this frequency is changed the time is change accordingly. / Choosing Parameter’s values between “Absolute” and “Relative” By default Parameters' values are “Absolute”. use “Relative” to see parameters' values dependent to nominal value The nominal values for voltage can be determined in the “Test Object”, “Device” and in the “V nom secondary” field, for current in the “I nom secondary” and for frequency in the f nom field. / Choosing values between “Primary” and “Secondary. By default, software values are in terms of secondary. To see the values in terms of primary use the “Primary” option these values can be determined in the “Test Object”, “Device” block, “V primary” and “I primary” field / The “Communication Logger" option is for the communications of devices and laptops that the Vebko’s programmers use. Different windows in the “Sequencer” page including “Vector View" and “Signal View” are shown in this list / Use "Revision History" to access all of the files that were saved by the program every 30 seconds. By selecting each file, you can reset them as needed Select “Start/Continue" option in the “Test" menu to run the test. To stop the test use “Stop”. Use “Clear" to remove the test results. / In the “Parameter” menu, select “Test Object” to open “General Test Object” page. Select “Report” to open “Report Setting” page. / Use “Delete all Added Reports" to remove all of the reports that have been added to the output report using the “Add to Report” option. / Using "Number of Decimal Places Setting" option, depended page opens and you can determine parameter units and determine how to display numbers / If an error occurs during the test, in the “Hardware" menu click on “Clear Error" to remove it and run the test again. / Use “Reset Hardware” to reset the device’s hardware automatically. Select “Configuration” to open the “Hardware Configuration" page. In this page output voltage and current, input and output binaries setting and extra setting is set. / Click on "Calibration" to open the calibration page. Vebko’s experts use this page for device calibration. / In the "Window" menu you can adjust the layouts. The “System Default Layout” option displays a default arrangement of windows for the software. Also the "Custom Default Layout" option displays the windows as "Default Layout" saved by the user. / The "Default Undock" option displays the windows as "Undock" and the location of each window can be adjusted. / With the "Cascade" option, the windows are in a row and behind each other. Note that these options are used when the room layout is in “Default Undock Layout”. / The "Default Layout for Transient" option is for the test mode and the "Default Layout for Quick" option is used for the "Quick" mode. / "Manage Layout...” is used to store the desired layouts, and even several "Layout" can be stored in it. To use a stored "Layout" click on its name, then select “Apply Layout" to open the "Layout“. / By choosing the "Current Style as Default" option, the page layout that is being used is determined a "Custom Default Layout" / The "Schema” option shows different states and colors for the toolbar and the background of the test page which can be selected as desired. In the "Help" menu, the "Help topics" option opens the tips of the software and the tester. / / The "Shortcut keys" option shows all the shortcut keys in the software. The "About" option also gives the user information about the company. / / TOOLBAR AND STATUS BAR, PART 2 There are icons for faster and easier access in the toolbar at the top of the screen. The first six icons are, in fact, the same as the "View" menu and the "Unit" field which are available at this page too. / The "Time in Second" and "Time in Cycle", "Relative Values" and "Absolute Values", and "Primary Values" and "Secondary Values" icons are used to select the time in seconds or cycles, to specify the values in relative or absolute values and to specify whether the values entered are primary or secondary, respectively. / By clicking on the "New Room" icon, a new window opens on the test page. If you hold this icon down by the "Control" key and then click on one of the rooms, a separate room opens without closing the current room. / By clicking on the "Open" icon, a saved test file opens. If the user wishes to search for a file with a specific extension, they can click on this icon and then select the desired room. After that, they can search among the saved files in the selected room. / Also, the “Save” icon, saves the test file. These icons show the different windows on the “Sequencer” page. / In this section, you can see the “Report View”, “Test Object” and “Hardware Configuration” icons. By clicking on any of these icons, the user is referred to the respective page. / By using the "Number of Decimal Places Setting" icon, it is possible to specify the number of integers and decimal digits displayed by the software as well as the quantity of that unit. / By using the "Static Output" icon, it is possible to specify that the device will only inject the values of a "State" a selected "State". The icons in this section are used to "Stop", "Start", and "Clear Test", respectively. / The phrase "Ready to Connect" means that the software is ready to connect to the device. The "Refresh" icon disconnects and connects the connection one more time to fix any existing problem with the test. / This row of the toolbar is only for the "Sequencer" room. If there are several "State"s, it is possible to select the desired "State" by using these icons and even jump to the first or last "State". By using these icons, it is possible to select the first, previous, next and last "State", in the mentioned order. / The "New State", "Delete State", "Copy Before", "Copy After" icons are used to create a new "State", delete an existing "State", create a "State" similar to the previous "State", and create a "State" similar to the next "State", respectively. / The "Insert Z shot" icon creates three "State"s as an impedance test. The "Select File to Merge" icon inserts the "State"s of other saved files in this room and adds them to the "State"s existing in the file. By using the "Copy & Paste State" icon, it is possible to copy a "State" and "Paste" it somewhere else. / By clicking on the "Copy & Paste State", a new page opens with the same name. Then, the desired "State" is selected from the list and in the "Options for Paste" section, the location for pasting and its number are specified and, finally, "Ok" is clicked. / The "Correct Name of State" icon restores the default name of "State"s in case they have been changed. By clicking on the "All State" icon, the waveform of all the "State"s is displayed in "Signal View". / If the user only wants the current "State" to be displayed, they should click on the "Current State" icon. Of course, the "Current State" has other uses too, especially in transient state testing which will be explained in the future video tutorials. / The next icon shows the status of receiving the binary signals from the inputs of the device in case they are enabled. The icons in the status bar show the status of the voltage and current ports. If there is something wrong during the test with any of the ports, the corresponding icon in this section turns red. / / The phrase "St. Cond. "Immed" indicates the start time of the test, run by the user, which can be displayed instantaneously after clicking on "Start", in accordance with receiving signals from the binaries or the "GPS" clock time. / The phrase "CT: Dir. Line" indicates the location of the "CT" on the line which can be on the "Line" side or on the “Bus bar" side. This is important in tests such as "Distance" when injecting current. / The phrase "Running Room: Noun" indicates which room of the software is running the test. Also, this figure shows the connection status of the device. / In the case of connecting to several devices at the same time, from this section, it is possible to specify that to which "AMT" device should this room be connected for performing the test. / “NEW BASED ON CUSTOM TEMPLATE” OPTION In addition to “New” option, this option is designed to ease the test and save time. It is possible for you to create a default “Template” in accordance with your needs and when necessary, by loading this “Template” apply the saved changes. / First Mode: “Custom Template” In “Custom Template” you can create a “Template” by using “Device Template”, “Report Template”, or “Decimal Places Template” modes. This can be explained by creating a “Template”. To do so, in “Preferences” in “Room” section, you can create a “Template” from “Device Template” and “Template Report Package” or “Decimal Places Template”. / For example, after entering “Preferences” window, in “Decimal Places Template” section for “Sequencer” room, select and apply “Volt” as the unit for voltage in “Template”. Enter “Vebko” in “Name” and “Manufacturer” fields in “Device” section, and then by applying the settings, save these changes as a “Template”. Now, to use these “Templates” in the rooms, you need to select the saved “Templates”. If you open “Decimal Places” in “Sequencer” room, you can see that the changes made in “Preferences” is not applied to this section. Now to apply the “Template”, by clicking on “New Based On Template” in “New” window, you can see “Custom Template” and “Saved Template” radio buttons. By selecting “Custom Template” radio button, you can specify which of the three mentioned sections is to be applied to the new file. Then, by confirming the settings by selecting “Ok” you can view the applied changes. / Second Mode: “Saved Template” In “Saved Template”, you can specify the default necessary windows, arrangements and the number of fields. To better understand this, select “State Type Continuous”, open “Vector View” window and specify the desired size. Then, select “Save as Template” from ‘File” menu and select a title for it. If you wish to apply your specified “Template” in a new room, you need to click on “New Based On Template” and select “Save Template” radio button. In the end, select the desired “Template” and apply it. / DETERMINING DECIMAL NUMBERS, PART 1 After explaining the toolbar, it is necessary to give an introductory about the basic concepts in the system. Each room includes four main parts: 1- “Number of Decimal Places Setting” Display settings for numbers and quantity units in the test rooms. 2- “Hardware configuration” For the Device hardware settings. 3- “Test Object Parameters” To access the relay settings. 4- “Report View” To access the output and the test reports. Given these four components and the nature of each window and its functions in every room, you can run a test. / / / / Click on the “Number of Decimal Places Setting” to open its page. In this page you will find the names of the quantities in the “Parameters Name”. You will find the units of every quantity written in the “Absolute Unit" block and they can be changed. The “Absolute Eng. Factor" shows a Number of meaningful figures, for example, if you enter the number 545569 in the “Sample Value” and enter the number 3 in the “Absolute Eng. Factor" block, the program shows 546KΩ which is also displayed in the “Absolute Display” block. If you enter the number 2 in this block, the number displayed in the “Absolute Display” block is 550.00KΩ. / / "Absolute Accuracy” block shows the number of decimal fractions rounded up. For example, if you enter the number 5.235 and enter the number 2 in the “Absolute Accuracy” block, the final number is 5.2. / / Now, in this case, if you enter the number 5 in “Absolute Eng. Factor”, the number 5.2400 is displayed in the “Absolute Display” which shows 5 meaningful figures that the last two digits are rounded up corresponding to the “Absolute Accuracy” block. / The blocks “Relative Accuracy”, “Relative Unit", “Relative Eng. Factor" and “Relative Display” also have the same functions but only for relative values. For example, if the voltage unit in “Absolute Unit" is VATR and in the “Relative Unit" is HYU, clicking on “OK" shows that the voltage unit is changed and changing the mode from “Absolute” to “Relative” has also changed its unit. / / DETERMINING DECIMAL NUMBERS PART 2 After setting the "Number of Decimal Places Setting", it is necessary to get familiar with a number of concepts as well as the method for initializing the software. Generally, there are three methods for entering the information. 1-The information that is entered in the tables. 2-The information that is entered in a separate cell where only entering numbers is possible. 3-The information that is entered in a separate cell where only entering text is possible. The point is that it is not possible to enter any information in those cells which are "Read only" in conditions such as "Line-Line" mode. / If you double-click on a cell, the content inside the cell becomes highlighted and while entering the information, its unit of quantity remains stable. In these cells, there is a space between the entered number and its unit which makes a better view for the user. By holding the mouse on each cell and clicking on it, the minimum and maximum numbers which can be entered in the intended cell are displayed. Close the "Measurement View" and "Detail View" windows and open the "Vector View" window. Then, right-click on this window and select "Show" in the opened list and check the "Line-Line" option so that the linear values are displayed on this window. / Now in the "Table View", enter “23.00" for the second phase voltage with zero phase. You can see that the value of "VL1-L2" in the "Vector View" window is zero. Now, enter "23.0001" for the first phase in the "Table View". Then, you can see that in the "VL1-L2" linear voltage field, the number "100µV" is displayed while in the "Table View", both first phases show the same value of 23.00. The number "23.0001" is in the memory of the software but since it is specified in the "Number of Decimal Places Setting" that only four meaningful numbers should be displayed, the number "23.00" is being shown while the original number is "23.0001" which is stored in the memory of the software. If you double-click on the first phase, and after it gets highlighted, press "enter" on your keyboard, this time the number "23.00" gets recorded in the software and, also, the linear voltage amount changes to zero. / If you enter "23.2568" in the first phase, the "VL1-L2" linear voltage field will display the number "256.6mV" while in the "Table View" the number "23.26" will be displayed which means that, not only according to the "Number of Decimal Places Setting", only four meaningful digits of this number are being displayed, but also, this number has been rounded. It is also possible to use measurement units while initializing. For example, you can enter “10m” instead of the number "0.01". In this case, there is a space between "m" and "V" after pressing the "enter" button, the "m" acronym sticks to the quantity unit and the "Space" gets removed in order to make a better view for the user. In some cells, after entering the intended value, a message is displayed saying that the entered value is above the allowed limit. In this case, there are two possibilities: / 1-In some cells, after clicking on the "OK" option, there is another message displayed saying that if you select the "No" option, the entered number will not be recorded in the cell and the previous number will replace the new one but if you select the "Yes" option, the new number will be recorded and the cell turns red, indicating an error in the recorded number. / 2-In some other cells, if the entered number is above the allowed limit, if you click on the “OK” option in the displayed message, the software will not allow this number to get recorded in the cell and uses the previous number instead. / In addition to directly entering a number, it is possible to use mathematical expressions and operations to enter a number in the software. For example, if you "1/256", which the software will automatically calculate and put the result in the cell. Or you can enter a mathematical operation in the cell, like "sin45*sqrt25" which is the amount of "sin" in radians. The point to note is that it is not possible to enter mathematical operations as something like "11m*1" and no measurement units are to be used in mathematical operations. / ANALOG OUTPUT SETTING By clicking on "Hardware Configuration", a new page with the same name opens where the settings for voltage and current outputs, binary inputs, and outputs of the device as well as some other settings in "Extra Setting" are set. In the "Analog Output" tab, the settings for voltage and current outputs, activeness or inactiveness of outputs, labeling them and displaying the actual values for the output signals of the device are adjusted. / In "Voltage and Current Output" sections, the maximum receivable voltage and current from the outputs of the device are specified according to their wiring, which the users can use depending on their needs. By selecting any of the options, a figure of the wiring for receiving the required voltage and current is displayed in a box in the middle of the page. For example, by selecting single-phase 300 V, to receive up to 300 V with a 400 mA current, the user needs to do the wiring according to this figure. In the "Current Output" section, there is some information about wiring. For example, in the first wiring, there are 6 32 amp current Outputs. In this case, a maximum of 32 amp with 3 V is fed by every phase and up to 5 amp with 12 V is receivable from the current outputs. / In the "Show Actual Value" column in "Voltage Output Signal” and "Current Output Signal" sections, it is possible to activate displaying the "Actual" value of output signal in the "Signal View" window. To do this, you need to change the value of the cell of your intended signal in the "Show Actual Value" from "False" to "True". For example, if the "Show Actual Value" of "VL1-E" signal is changed to "True", by running the test, it is observed that there are circles on the waveform of its signal. / / In the "Output Label" column, it is possible to specify a "Label" for each of the outputs. In addition to the labels in the drop-down field, it is possible to add new label by typing it. / In the "Output Target" column for each of the outputs a target will be specified. In selecting an "Output Target", it is important to note that each of these "Output Target" has a meaning. For example, if "VL1-E" is selected for the first output of the "voltage output A" and "IL1" for the first output of the "current output A", by selecting "Set Mode: Z-I const", the software divides the 2 volts of "VL1-E" into 1 amp of "IL1", which are the first output of the "voltage output A" and the first output of the "current output A", respectively, to simulate phase to ground fault with a 2 ohm fault impedance. Now, if, in the "Hardware Configuration" page, "VL1-E" is selected for the second output of "voltage output A", in simulating the fault impedance of the previous example, the software, again, divides the 2 volts voltage of "VL1-E" into 1 amp current of "IL1", except that this time the voltage of "VL1-E" and "IL1" is injected from the second output of the "voltage output A" and the first output of the "current output A", respectively. Also, it should be noted that if "VL3-E" is selected for the third output of the "voltage output A", and the same "Output Target" is selected for the single-phase output of the "voltage output B", the third output of the "voltage output A" changes to "Not Used" and this "Output Target" is selected for the single-phase output of the "voltage output B". This means that each of the available "Output Target" can only be selected for a single output. / / / / As another example, in the "AMT Distance" Room, the software uses "voltage output A" and "current output A" to simulate fault impedance. If the user wants to use the "current output B" instead of the "current output A" for current injection, they should select "IL1", "IL2" and "IL3" as the "Output Target" for the three outputs of the "current output B" in the "Hardware Configuration" page. / BINARY INPUT SETTING, PART1 Under the "Binary Input" tab in “Hardware Configuration" window, the settings of the 10 binary inputs of the device are set. Binaries 1 to 8 are located at the bottom of the device from left to right. Binaries 9 and 10 are located in the upper right row of the device. Binaries 1 to 8 are of the voltage type. The binaries 9 and 10 are used for measuring AC and DC currents with 50micro precision up to 500mA and 240mv respectively. / Activating and deactivating a “Binary Input”: Activation or deactivation of binaries is determined in the "Binary Input Target" column. For example, you can activate binary number 3 by clicking on its relevant field. In this case, a list of different targets is displayed and you can select one depending on your test's needs. Note that the binary inputs of the device may be sensitive to your selected target. While testing the equipment and changing the hardware configuration of the device, you should note that the label of binary inputs must be selected in accordance with the information in the test configuration. By clicking on this field and selecting "Not Used", it is possible to deactivate the corresponding "Binary Input". It is also possible to use the "N" shortcut to deactivate a "Binary Input". You can activate or deactivate the binaries 1 to 8 at the same time by using the square above the binaries' numbers column. / / Selecting a “Label” for a “Binary Input”: You can select a "Label" for your desired "Binary Input" in the "Binary Input Label" column. By default, the "Label" selected in the "Binary Input Target" is listed in this part but the user can, also, select a different "Label" from the drop-down list or enter a new "Label" in Persian or English. It should be noted that in "Report" and binary signal display in "Signal Label", the "View" specified in this section is displayed as the label for the signal. This also applies to "Analog Output" and "Binary Output" and in the "Report" the "Label" is displayed for the desired parameter. / Specifying Binary-Input Type: In the "Binary Input Type" column, the type of binary inputs number 1 to 8 is selected from two generic modes of "Dry" and "Wet", which is by default set as "Dry". In this case, there is a 2V DC on the two ends of "Binary Inputs" Zero Mode and by short-circuiting the output contacts of the relay, the voltage decreases to zero and the digital signal 1 is detected by the binary. / In the "Wet" mode, the binaries number 1 to 8 are set to measuring mode. There are three levels for this mode. In the "Wet Max 4.5V" level, the "Binary Input" measures up to 4.5V with 1mV precision, up to 30V with 3mV precision in the "Wet Max 30V" and up to 188V with 10mV precision in the "Wet Max 188V" level. When the "Wet" mode is selected for "Binary Input", the "Threshold" column is activated. In this column, a threshold is specified for "Binary Input" status. For example in the "Wet Max 188V" level, if the threshold is set to "50", if the maximum input voltage is less than 50V, digital signal 0 is detected while with a maximum input voltage more than 50V, digital signal 1 is detected. / If the "Binary Input" is used for measuring the voltage, it is important to select the maximum level of "Wet" measurement. For example, to measure a 23V voltage, the binary level "Wet Max 30V" must be selected. If “Wet Max 4.5V" is selected, when the voltage exceeds 4.5V, the software gives an "Over Voltage Binary" error message and if the "Over Voltage" error has not been enabled, by exceeding the specified voltage, the binary input operates in a dual-purpose mode which means that it records the logical signal pick up or trip and, also, measures the voltage and by injecting AC voltage, the binary turns into repetitive zeros and ones. In this case, the memory of the software gets full and a "Result is Full" error is displayed. Also, if the "Wet Max 188V" is selected, the measurement precision is decreased. / / / BINARY INPUT SETTING, PART2 “Reverse” column: In "False" mode in the "Reverse" column, the logic of binary’s becoming 0 and 1 is the same as described earlier. If the "True" mode is selected, the detection logic of the binary's becoming 1 is reversed. For example, in the "Wet Max 188V" level with a 50V threshold, if the binary voltage goes below 50V, its status is detected as 1, otherwise, it equals 0. In the "Dry", the "Binary Input" status is 1 only when it's "Open Circuit" and it's 0 in the short circuit state. / / The “Show Actual Value” column: In the "Show Actual Value" column, the mode of displaying the actual voltage value of the input binary is selected from "AC" and "DC". The "DC" mode is used for situations where the input voltage of the "Binary Input" is "DC". The "AC" mode, on the other hand, is for situations where the incoming voltage to the "Binary Input" is "AC". In this case, this is done for a better display and precision of the phase calibration and frequency. "None" mode is used for not displaying the actual value of the binaries. To view the actual value in the "Vector View", it is possible to view the measured value by the binary after opening this window. / / “Show Result” column: In the “Show Result” column, it is specified that whether the changes of the 1 and 0 logical signals of the “Binary Input” should be recorded by the software or not. “True” means that the logical signal should be recorded and “False” means the opposite. For example with 50 voltage threshold and “False” for “Show Result” and “Reverse” the trip signal is sent by the relay to the device. As signal of binary input 1 excess the threshold the binary changes are not recorded by “signal view” becqause the signals are not being recorded / / DC Voltage Injection: In the "Apply VDC" column, it is possible to inject a DC voltage into the binary input. For example, in the "Wet Max 188V" with a 50V threshold, the number 100V is entered and subsequently the wiring to inject the DC voltage into the binary input is displayed. According to this wiring, the output relay contact is switched to "Wet". In this case, if the input voltage of the binary exceeds 50V, the "Binary Input" equals 1. It should be noted that it is possible to inject DC voltage only into one "Binary Input" and not into multiple Binary Inputs simultaneously. If for any reason, the output relay contact is corrupted, it may not get stimulated by the 2V on the "Binary Input" of the device; so a, for example, 100V DC is injected into it. In this case, a mild current passes through the relay contact and its short-circuiting is detected. / The “Description” column: In this column, there is some information about the condition where the binary input of the device equals 1. For example, in the “Wet Max 188V” with a 50V threshold, when the input voltage exceeds 50V, the binary status equals 1. / Configuration of the Binary Input 9 and 10: As mentioned before, "Input" 9 is used for measuring currents up to 500mA and "Input" 10 is used for measuring Voltages up to 240mV. The columns "Show Result", "Reverse", "Threshold", Apply VDC" and "Description" are disabled for these two binaries. In the "Binary Input Type" column, the precision of "Input" 9 is set. On the back of this binary, there are four 1ohm, 20ohm, 100ohm and 1megaohm resistors which are used to measure the current in different ranges. By selecting any of these resistors in the "Binary Input Type" column, the 500mV voltage is divided into the resistor and the measurable current is calculated by the binary. It is, also, possible to display the actual measured current and voltage value in “DC” or “AC” in the “Show Actual Value” column. / / BINARY OUTPUT’S SETTING Under the “Binary Output” tab in the “Hardware Configuration” window, the settings related to Binary Outputs of the device are set. “AMT 105” has four Binary Outputs and on the back of each of them, there is a 10amp/240V relay. Activation or deactivation of “Binary Output” is determined in the "Binary Output Target" column. For example, to activate “Binary Output 1”, by clicking on the related field, it is possible to select a target according to your need from the drop-down list. For example, for Open / Close command of power keys, you can select “CB52a” and “CB52b”. To deactivate this output, select “Not Used” in the same drop down list. By checking the square option above the device’s “Binary Output” numbers, it is possible to activate or deactivate all 4 binaries at the same time. In the “Binary Output Label” column just like “Binary Input” section, a “Label” is selected for the activated Binary Outputs. / After setting the related settings, it is necessary to become familiar with the application of binary outputs. In the older versions of the software, the "Binary Output" was opened and closed only once in each "State" but in new versions of the software, there is a feature added that allows you to change the status of Binary Outputs up to 4 times in a state. The initial status of a “Binary Output” can be changed in several ways. 1- In the “Bin. Out” section in the “Table View” window, it is possible to change the status of a binary to close or open by clicking on while any changes are, also, displayed in the “Signal View” at the same time. / 2- Similarly, it is possible to change the status of binaries in the following address: Detail ViewAnalog OutAnalog Output ChannelsBinary Outputs. The changes are, also, applied in the “Table View” at the same time. In fact, these two sections are linked and every change is applied in both sections at the same time. / 3- It is, also, possible to change the status of a “Binary Output” from “Binary Output” tab in “Detail View” section. To determine additional start/stop and other options in a state, “Detail View” section should be used. In this section, for every “State”, you can change the status of Binary Outputs up to 4 times. By entering your desired time in "1st Ch.", "2nd Ch.", "3rd Ch." and "4th Ch." you can specify the time for changing the Binary Output status. For example, in a normal situation, "Bin. Out1" is open. If number "1" is entered in "1st Ch." column, it means that after performing the test, "Bin. Out" is open for 1 second and then it closes. If "2" is entered in "2nd Ch." column, it means that 2 seconds after closing, the "Binary Output" must open. As All these changes are simultaneously displayed in "Signal View" as well. You can, similarly, determine the change time for the 3rd and 4th states of the "Binary Output" for "3rd Ch." and "4th Ch." columns. / In the Trigger column, it is possible to set a condition for executing the changes for “Binary Output” and no changes are made to the “Binary Output” until the "Trigger" condition is met and the binary remains the same. After the “Trigger” condition is met, the “Binary Output”, immediately, starts changing its status according to the specified time. By clicking on the “Toggle” column, a list of other Binary Outputs is opened and by selecting any of them, the status of the “Binary Output” will be the opposite of the intended binary. This means that whenever “Binary Out 1” is closed, “Binary Out 3” must be open and vice versa. These changes are, also, displayed in “Signal View”. / / / EXTRA SETTING Under the "Extra Setting" tab in the "Hardware Configuration" page, the settings for the serial port of the device as well as some other operation enhancer settings are set. In tests where the test run time is longer than 100 seconds, a lot of memory is required to display the "Actual Value" in "Signal View" throughout the test. This amount of information slows down the software. By checking "Save last actual data" in "Extra Setting" during the test run, the "Actual Value" is displayed in "Signal View", for example in the last 10 seconds of the test, according to the amount of data. In fact, this option plays the role of a short memory oscilloscope. By clicking on "Maximum fan during test" during the test run, the fan of the device starts working in "Maximum fan" mode and after the test ends, it returns to normal mode. In “Binary Link Serial” field, it is possible to enter a number between 0 and 255 so that before the test begins, the device sends a command to the equipment test board through “Binary Output” number four and this board adjusts the appropriate connections for any of the equipment tests in accordance with the received command. / In this section, there is a part named “Serial Setting”. By adjusting the settings in this section, it is possible to send a serial "Packet" in each "State" via the "AMT105" device. In the "Baud Rate" field, the transmitting and receiving speed the speeds must be the same are adjusted for making the connection. In "Data" field, the bit number of each data that is sent is specified. In this section, to identify the end of the original data, one or two bits, which are called "Stop bit", are sent. The "Parity" field is used to indicate whether the number of 1 bits is odd or even and is also used to identify the error code. In the "Initial Serial Command" section, you can write a message to identify the data exchange. After setting under the "Serial" tab in "Detail View", the sent command is written in the "Serial Command" field. For each "State" of the device, the "AMT105" can send a command for the intended equipment. In fact, this section can be used in equipment test because there is an interface board between the "AMT105" and the equipment being tested. By doing this while performing the test, the device sends a "Serial Command" to the board and this board adjusts the settings according to the "Serial Command". For example, send "abc" to "State1" and "cvf" to "State2". / / / RELAY SPECIFICATION IN TEST OBJECT By clicking on “Test Object”, you can open the “General Test Object” page. On this page, the settings related to “Object” or relay are adjusted. To enter the information of the relay on this page there are several ways. In the first case, the user reads all the information of the relay and enters manually. For example, to enter the nominal Specifications of the relay, you can double-click on “Device” in the “Service Setting” page in the “Nominal Values” section and enter frequency and nominal voltage of the PTs as well as the nominal current of the CTs. / Also, it is possible to enter information such as device name, serial number etc. in the “Device” section. After that, to save the information, it is necessary to click on “OK”. It should be noted that whatever is in the "Device" block on the "Device Setting" page also exists in the "Device" block Tree diagram and the values can be entered here too. For example, there is a series of information about nominal values of the device, “Substation”, “Bay”, “Nominal Values”, etc. You can also find this information in the branches of “Device” Tree diagram. This means that in the “Name plate” section, you can also find information about device’s ID or in the “Nominal Values” section, you can find information about the nominal values of the relay. If “Vebko” is entered in the “Value” field, in the “Device Name” row in the “Name Plate” section, by opening the “Device” page, this word is also recorded in the intended section. / In fact, these two sections are linked and enter changes simultaneously. After entering the nominal values of the relays manually, it is, also, necessary to manually enter the specifications of the protective function. For example, to enter the specifications of the “Distance” protective function, you can enter the related information such as tolerances, length and angle of the line by clicking on “Distance” block in the “Distance Protective Parameters” page. You can also draw the relay zones according to the catalog under the “Zone Setting” on this page. To do this, click on “New” to open a new row and then click on “Edit” and in the opened page enter the zone information according to the relay catalog and then click on “OK”. After that you can see that the zone is drawn. / / By opening the “Distance” block, the entered information can be seen in the form of a tree diagram. For example, the information related to “Zone” is displayed in this section too. You should note that these sections are linked. To enter information of functions such as “Differential” and “Over Current” you can click on the related block and enter the information. After entering the relay information manually, by clicking on “OK”, you can import the settings to the software and continue the test. You can enter a value in the upper right corner of the “Value” feed and the software displays the parameters that have this value. / You can also search for your intended word, by entering it in the “Tree” section. For example, by entering “360” degrees in “Value”, the parameters that have this value are displayed and if the word “Distance” is entered, this block and its subcategories are displayed in a highlighted mode. There are two options of “OK” and “Cancel” on the bottom of the page. “OK” is used to enter the information and “Cancel” is used to cancel entering the information. If you check “Show/Hide” option on the bottom, you can change the status of the lower window to hidden or visible which will be fully explained in future videos. The important point is that some of the relays provide the user with the settings as a “Rio” file. By directly loading, all the settings of the relay are entered to the software automatically and there is no need for manual insertion of the information. / INTRODUCING THE “RIO” By opening a “Rio” file in notepad, you see that the specifications of the relay are mentioned in this file. For example, between “BEGIN DEVICE” and “END DEVICE” section, information and nominal specifications of the relay are mentioned. Or, in the “BEGIN DEVICE” section to the “END DISTANCE”, the information regarding the distance function and in the “BEGIN ZONE” section, the information regarding the relay zones are. Similarly, all the relay information is mentioned in this file. / By having a “Rio” file, you can “Load” this file in “Test Object” through “File” option. After loading, all of the information existing in the Rio file is displayed. So, the second method for entering information of relays whose software gives a “Rio” output file, is loading “Rio” file in “Test Object”. This is how the relay information is loaded in the software. / The point is that the information in a “Rio” file is fixed, meaning that it is not possible to add or delete a new block or parameter in the “Device” block. In fact, “Rio” is a fixed file and much of the "Test Object" design is related to the "Rio" file design. The purpose of "Rio" file is that, for example, each "Distance" relay be end to “Device” and “Distance” blocks and contain a series of nominal specifications, zones and a series of times. However, it is possible that the “Distance” relay itself contains thousands of parameters and not all of these parameters exist in the “Rio” file but ultimately the “Rio” output file of the “Distance” relay contains information mentioned in “Device” and “Distance” blocks. This is, also, true for “Differential” and “Overcurrent” relays. So, the “Rio” file is a fixed part of the relay settings and includes information related to “Device” block and protective functions. Also, the “CB Configuration” block is added to “Rio” files for simulation of power key operation. It is possible to add other blocks to “Rio” file. For example, by opening “AMT Distance” room from “Test Object” window it is possible to add another block, if necessary, by right-clicking on “Rio” and selecting the “Add Block” option. / After making a new block, it is possible to rename it by right-clicking on the block. Assume that a relay has two functions of “Distance” and “Under Excitation”. These functions are tested by the impedance method. So it is necessary that there are two “Distance” blocks in this section. After adding a new block, by right-clicking on it and selecting “Rename Block”, its name is changed to “Under Excitation”. By double-clicking on “Under Excitation” block and selecting “Zone Setting” tab on this page, a “Quad” zone is defined for this block according to the described settings. After that, click on “OK”. / Now that there are two “Distance” blocks, one of them should be active. If the cube next to the block is colored, it means that it is active; if it white, it means that it is not active. Now, if you click on “OK”, the information of the active distance block is displayed. Here, the “Mho” characteristic is active. Now, for activating the second distance block it is necessary to right-click on the intended block in the “Test Object” window and select “Set as Active Function”. By doing this, the intended block is activated and the previous block is deactivated and by clicking on “OK” the characteristics of “Distance” and “Under Excitation” blocks that are from the “Quad” type are displayed in the “Impedance View”. Also, in the advanced mode, it is possible to mix these two blocks. By right-clicking on each block of “Rio” file, it is possible to delete it. / Column Description: Each of these parameters has some information in their row. In the “State” column, by double-clicking on each cell, “Rio Parameter Viewer” page is opened. In the “Enabled” section, you can activate or deactivate this parameter. By deactivating a parameter, the status of its “state” changes. In the “Name” column, the name of the intended parameter is provided. In the “ID” column, there is a unique name selected for each parameter. In the “Description” column, there is an additional description provided for the intended parameter. / In the “Value” column, the user can select a value for the intended parameter. In the “Type” column, the type of the inserted data for the parameter is specified. In the “Min” and “Max” columns, the minimum and maximum allowed value for the parameter are specified. The “Formula” column is an indicator of that whether this parameter is derived from a formula or is dependent on another parameter. More will be said about this column in the “XRio” section. / How to make a Rio file by Excel: The point is that there is a series of relays that do not provide a “Rio” file as an output. To get a “Rio” file from this type of relays, click on the “Excel to Rio Files” icon on the “Rio Converter Excel” page. Then, select your intended relay from the list. In this list, you can find the name of relays whose “Excel” file exists in the created software. After selecting the relay, its related “Excel” file opens. On this page, you can enter information about the relay and after entering the information, by clicking on the “Save Rio File” option, a “Rio” file is created from the intended relay. This “Rio” file can be imported by using the “Import from File” icon and after that you can save the relay information. By selecting “Advanced” from the “View” menu, a new row is added to this toolbar page so you can add or delete new blocks or parameters manually if you decide to do that. / / INTRODUCING “XRIO” The first matter that should be discussed in the “XRIO” part of the instruction is the reason for turning to these files. The first reason was that “RIO” files did not have a specific set of standards for coding. For example, if from the list of “RIO” files of the relays on the “Load XRio and Rio File From list” page which is provided in the software, the and files are opened in the notepad, you can see that these two files have different coding and there is no specific standard to them. The second reason was that when an "RIO" file was loaded, only "RIO" information was available. "RIO" information is that into which all relay settings can be compiled. For example, when “Distance” characteristic of the “Micom” relay is translated and the characteristic curve is formed, there is some information that is not inserted into the software. For example, it is possible that it exists in the relay of “power swing blocking” function but its information is not inserted into the “RIO” because, basically, it is not possible to do so. The third reason was that specification changes of the relay were not the same in relay and the software. It means that, if the user made a change to the translated “RIO” which was a known format, it is not clear that which settings needed to change in the relay so that it could follow the curve of specified characteristics. The fourth reason was that if a parameter was changed from the setting of the relay, it was necessary to get those settings, again, from the “RIO” relay and this file had to be loaded and translated in the software so that the relay and software settings were exactly the same. The second important matter which is related to “XRio” is that the user needs to know the components of an “XRio” file and what happens when it is loaded in the Vebko software. To explain this a little further, a “XRio” file is loaded from the “Micom p441” relay. You can see that the first thing that happens is that a “SCRIPT FUNCTION” and a tree diagram of the settings are formed in this section of the software. In the end, the “RIO” which is a translated version of the relay characteristics is completed. We will discuss more the concept of “XRIO” and its components in future videos. / XRIO CONVERTER FILE To further study the “XRio Converter” file, by clicking on “Import from list” icon on the “Load XRio Converter and Rio file from list” page, an “XRio Converter” file related to the “AREVA MiCOM P441” is loaded. After the “XRio Converter” file is loaded, it is possible to export this file from the software separately. To do this, by clicking on “File” menu, you can export the “XRio Converter” file in forms of with or without formula. In this part, for a better understanding, first, export the “XRio Converter” file without formula by using the “Export without formula….” option. / Then, the same “XRio Converter” file is loaded in the software without formula. By opening the “XRio Converter” file in notepad++, you can see that this file is written in “xml” format. In the subset of "XRio", the version and language of the file are defined. It is then observed that the "XRio Converter" file without formula consists of two main parts of "Rio Converter" and "Rio Type". / By opening the “Rio Converter” section, you can see that this section consists of another section named “Properties” where information about date and time are mentioned. In fact, the style of this type of coding is “xml” where each section opens and closes with a tag. For example, “XRio” tag is opened here and again closed in the end and the “/” sign indicates its closure. also, it is possible to open or close the “Rio Converter” tag by clicking on the square next to it. The “ScriptReference” tag is opened and closed in the same line because there is a “/” sign in the end. The second part which is the “Rio Type” tag, contains fixed information of the relay and is the same “Rio” file as described before. / By opening this tab, it is observed that the “Rio” tag consists of “DEVICE”, “DISTANCE”, “OVERCURRENT”, “CBCONFIGURATION” blocks which are originated from the relay specifications. These blocks are the “xml” model of the “Rio” file which is included in the “XRio Converter” file. As it is written, the “Rio” tag is of the “Block” kind. By opening this block it is observed that the “Rio” block consists of other blocks. By opening this block it is observed that inside this block there is a “DEVICEMODEL” which is of the “Parameter” kind. This means that this block has a “value” of “P441 P442 P444”. Likewise, there are other parameters including “MANUFACTURER”, “DEVICETYPE”, etc. in the “NAMEPLATE” block. / / This information can be observed in the “Vebko AMPro Test” software after entering the “XRio Converter” file. The information related to “XRio Converter” file is available in the “Test Object” window. In the tree diagram of this section is the “XRio Converter” block and its subsets -similar to the “Rio” Block-. Likewise, the “Device” block and its subsets are -similar to the “Name Plate” block-. In the “Name Plate” block the parameters mentioned in “XRio” are entered in the table. For example, the “DEVICE MODEL” parameter which has the value of “P441 P442 P444”, is displayed in the “Value” column of this table. As another example, in the “Rio” block in the “XRio Converter” file and in the path of “DISTANCE” and “PROTECTEDOBJECT” blocks, it is observed that the value of “LINE” is entered for “PT connection” with “ID”:”PTCONN”. / If you follow the same path in the “Test Object” window in the “Vebko AMPro Test” software, namely the “Distance” directory in the “Rio” block, you can see in the “Protected Object” table that for a parameter with “ID” :”PTCONN” in the “Value” column, “at line” is entered while in the “XRio Converter” file, “Line” was entered as the value. The reason for the difference in values of the“Vebko AMPro Test” software and the “XRio Converter” file is that the codes written in the “Rio” section, receive the values from “XRio” and then enter the corresponding values for different parameters in accordance with design of the codes, which is here “Line” for a parameter with “ID”:”PTCONN” in the “XRio” corresponds to “at line” in “Rio”. / In “Vebko AMPro Test” software, there are columns like “Name”, “Description”, etc. for each parameter which provides the user with information about the intended parameter and there may be no code for these sections in the “XRio Converter” file. Initialization of these columns in the "Rio" is in the way that according to the code written by the programer, wherever in the "ID" column the phrase "PTCONN" is written, its name is "PT Connection" and "Potential transformer connection side" is entered as described in the "Description" column for it. Also, the programer coded other columns like “Type” has mentioned it in the code to be displayed in the “Rio” section. For the mentioned parameter it is “Enumeration” which means that it is selective and the user can select a value from the drop-down field in the “Value” column. / It should be noted that for every piece of information in the “Custom” part which is not fixed, its code must be written in “XRio”. This will be more explained in future videos. Another point is that the “User Interface” mode is included in “Rio” section. This means that by double-clicking on any block of the subsets of “Rio”, for example, “Device” block, the “Device Setting” page opens where all parameters of the subset of this block can be observed and changed. These changes are, simultaneously, recorded in parameters table as well. But, if you double-click on any block other than “Rio”, a series of information about “ID” of the block as well as its name are displayed. XRIO CONVERTER, PART2 After identifying the problems with “RIO” files, “OMICRON” company decided to implement a new idea. According to this idea, a file format named “XRIO” was created in which a section named “Relay parameter section” was designed for every relay and all relay menus were arranged and addressed exactly the same way as in the relay software. / Another section of this file is “Additional information” which includes that necessary information which is not available in the relay software and should be read from its catalogue. For example, if you click on “General information” tree diagram on “General” block, you can see that “AREVA” is recorded as the “Manufacturer” which is not available in the relay menu but is necessary to complete the device information. / / The important point in getting familiar with “XRio” is that you should know how “XRio” blocks are defined. For example, in “Relay Parameter Section” tree diagram and in the “SYSTEM DATA” block, the “Language” parameter is of “Enumeration” type and its value is defined as “English”. Now, if the “XRio” file of this relay is opened in “Notepad++”, after opening the “Custom” tag, you can see the “Setting” block, “ID_00” block and parameter with “id=ID_0001”. The “Name”, “ForeignId” and “DataType” of this parameter are “Language”, “0001” and “Enumeration” respectively. In the “EnumList” tag, you can see that, four languages including English, French, German and Spanish are available as “Value” for this section and in this case “English” has been selected. / / Now, if you return to the “Vebko AMPro Test” software, you can see the exact same information in the “Test Object” section. This means that by double-clicking on “Relay Parameter Section” in the tree diagram you can see that its “ID” is defined as “SETTINGS”; then by double-clicking on the “System Data” block you can see that its “ForeginID” is defined as “ID_00”. In its parameters table, you can see that “Enumeration” is defined as “Type” for the parameters named “Language” and “ForeignID:0001”. Also, in the “Value” field there are four languages of English, French, German and Spanish available where “English” is selected by default in accordance with the displayed codes. / After an “XRio” file is loaded, the necessary settings and information of the “Rio” section are completed accordingly and the cells whose information is dependent on a formula or parameter from the “XRio” file, are turned purple. For example, the value of nominal frequency in the “Nominal Values” block is defined according to a formula from the “Formula” column and if this value is modified manually, the color of the cell changes to pink which means that there is no more a connection between the value of this cell and the formula defined for it. To make the value of this cell again dependent on the formula, right-click on it and select "Recalculate formula". / To find out about that how the nominal frequency with purple color is defined, first, you should select it and then click on the “Reference Map” icon to view a map of the parameters to which the frequency is dependent. By clicking on any of the boxes in this section, the parameter that affects the final value of the frequency is displayed which, in here, the frequency is taken from “Fnom”. The value of “Fnom” parameter is, itself, based on a formula and is dependent on another parameter which by clicking on the “Map” box, you can see that a parameter named “Frequency” is used. This means that, since “50” is set as the value for “Nominal Values”, the value for “Fnom” is, according to its formula, “50” too and finally the amount of nominal frequency in “Nominal Values”, according to the defined relation, is “50” Hz. / Now, if you open the “XRio” file in “Notepad++”, you can view the path that was used to find the affective parameters in the software in the codes of this file. Follow the path “Rio-Device-Nominal Value” in the codes of this file until you find “Fnom”. You can see that this parameter has a value of “50” but has a “ValueRefList” whose affective parameters are in the mentioned “Reference”. To find this parameter, you need to follow the mentioned path which is “CUSTOM.RIOPLUS.POWERSYSTEMPARAMETERS.FNOM”. You can see that type, value, unit and formula of this parameter are mentioned in this path. It is mentioned in the formula of this section that if “ID_0009=FIFTY”, the value for this parameter is 50, otherwise it equals 60. It is also necessary to define the two phrases “ID_0009” and “FIFTY”. To view the definition of these two phrases, you need to open the “ValueRefList” tag. You can see that there is a “Value reference list” mentioned for each of these phrases. For “ID_0009” you should follow the path “CUSTOM.SETTINGS.ID_00” and find the value of “ID_0009”. In this case, you can see that this parameter is named “Frequency” and its “ForeginID:0009” and is of the “Enumeration” type. Also, in the “EnumList” tag, “50” Hz is defined for “FIFTY” while “60” Hz is defined for “SIXTY”. / The explained case is a very simple example of defining parameters values of a relay for test. An another example, it is possible to select and open the “ZONE P GROUND” block from the tree diagram of the distance block and then click on “M3” to view its parameters in the table. If the “Reference Map” of the “Angle” parameter is opened, you can see that this parameter is dependent on many other parameters. By clicking on any of the available boxes in this “Reference Map”, the given parameter for address is displayed. COMPLEMENTARY EXPLANATION ABOUT “XRIO CONVERTER” In previous sections, some explanations about “XRio converter” and ways of addressing parameters were provided. According to what have been said, “XRio” has a series of “Xml” codes as well as various parts such as “Script”, “Custom” and “Rio”. In “Custom”, all the information that is included in a tree diagram of the software is defined in “XRio Converter”. “Script” includes intermediate functions by using which it is easier to create or define blocks and parameters of “Custom”. “Rio” block, mostly, contains specific fixed parts some of which such as “Name” and “Description” do not exist in the codes of “XRio Converter” and are added to the “Vebko AmPro Test” software separately. As has already been said, if the cell color of any parameter is purple, it means that the value of this parameter is obtained by using from a formula and is related to some other parameters. To investigate the relationship between parameters and the influence of each parameter on other parameters, open its “Reference map”. For a more thorough examination of “Reference map”, if you select “Frequency” parameter from “System Data” block and then open its “Reference map”, by selecting “Reference End To this Node” radio button, you can see that this parameter affects two other parameters. You can see those parameters by clicking on any of the boxes in which your intended parameter’s address is mentioned. / As another example, if you click on “DISTANCE ELEMENT” from “SETTING GROUP” tree diagram and open “Reference map” after selecting “Zp” parameter, you can see that this parameter has influence on so many other parameters in the settings of this relay and by changing this parameter, the related ones change too. On this page, in addition to observing the relationship between parameters based on value, it is possible to specify that based on what parameter is each block or parameter active or inactive. For example, by selecting “AUTORECLOSE” block and opening its “Reference map”, you can see that this block’s activeness is related to “Internal A/R” parameter but because “Disabled” mode is selected in the “Value” column, this block is inactive as well. / As another example, if you select “Dead time2” parameter from “AUTORECLOSE” and select “Enable” radio button from “Reference map”, you can see that this parameter’s activeness is related to the four other parameters displayed on the map of this page ”Reference map”. / XRIO AND XRIO CONVERTER After getting familiar with “XRio Converter”, it is necessary to, also, get familiar with the concept of “Name”, “ID”, “Foregin ID” and “Description”. ”ID” Definition: The relay producer companies define a unique “ID” for every parameter and in all relays of a brand, this ‘ID” is used for a specific parameter; for example, in the “7UT613” Siemens relay, “ID=21015” is related to the “PROT.OBJECT” parameter. This “ID” is used in other relays produced by this company for the same parameter. Also, in connecting to the relay via Modbus protocol, if this “ID” is sent to the relay as a “Packet”, the relay will return the parameter value related to the sent “ID”. / ”Foreign ID”: Unlike “ID” which is used as a standard for identification of the same parameters in relays produced by a company, “Foreign ID” is used as a means of differentiation between parameters of different relays which allows them to be used in other software’s. As an example, in “7UT613” relay of Siemens, there is a parameter named “PROT.OBJECT” defined with “ID=21015” and “Foreign ID=0105”. If the user intends to enter and analyze some models of relays produced by different companies in a software like “Digsilent”. / The interesting point is that in some relays such as Siemens, the “ID” and “Foreign ID” are different while in some other relays such as “P441”, after loading its file in the “Load XRio and Rio file from list” page, it can be seen that the “ID” and “Foreign ID” are the same. Also, in “Name” and “Description” sections there is information, provided by the producer company, about name of the parameter as well as some description about that parameter. / An introduction to “XRio” and its difference with “XRio Converter”: By clicking on the “Import from list” icon on the “Load XRio and Rio file from list” page, “XRio Converter” of a relay is selected where the information regarding the relay is complete in the “Custom” and “Rio” sections. It should be noted that it is not possible to extract the “XRio Converter” file from a relay because producer companies do not put the file in their relays. In fact, the relay producer companies never limit their relays to a single tester device such as “Omicron”. / / Therefore, instead of the “XRio Converter” file, the relay producer companies provide a file with “.CSV” or “.text” format in which information of the “Custom” section along with the values set to the relay can be found. Upon extensive use of “XRio” which has been created by “Omicron” company, most relay producers decided to provide their users with “XRio” output files of their relays too. You should consider that this file is not the same as the “XRio Converter” file which is designed and written by producers of the tester device and is available in the tester software. The “XRio” file of the relay contains “Custom” section as well as “Relay Parameter Section” and “Additional Information” blocks with the information and values set to the relay, but it does not contain “Rio Plus” and “Template Controller” sections. If, in the tester software, the “XRio Converter” file is selected correctly, after loading the “XRio” file of the relay in the “XRio Converter”, the settings and necessary information of the relay are completely imported to the “Rio” section. / Some more points regarding “XRio” and “XRio Converter” should be mentioned: The first point is that if the “XRio” file of the “7SA522” relay is opened in “notepad++”, by opening the “Rio Converter” tag it can be seen that unlike “XRio Converter”, there are no “Script References” functions in this section. Einige weitere Punkte zu „XRio“ und „XRio Converter“ sollen noch erwähnt warden: / The second point is that in the “Custom” tag, only information regarding “Setting” block is available which is the same as “Relay Parameter Section” in the software and in some relays such as “7SA522”, the information regarding “Additional Parameter” is also available which is the same as “Additional Information” in the software. Also, the information regarding “Device” block has been made available in the “Rio” section by a producer of the relay. / / / The third point is that if the “XRio” file of a relay is selected and loaded by clicking on “Import from file” and without “XRio Converter”, it can be seen that the mentioned sections are available in the “XRio” section of the software but because of not using the “XRio Converter”, the values of “RIO” section are not linked with the “XRio” information and only the “DEVICE” section has been completed according to the information of the “XRIO” file. / The last point is that if the “XRio” file of a differential relay such as “7UT613” is loaded in a universal room such as the sequencer room, in the “Rio” section, the blocks other than those completed according to the settings of the relay and information of the loaded “XRio” by “XRio Converter”, like “Distance” block which are entered to the software by the designer of the tester are empty of information because in the “XRio” file of the relay there is no information about them. XRIO & RELAY SETTING IN THE SOFTWARE After getting familiar with “XRio” file that is provided by the relay as an output, it is necessary to get familiar with other sections of this file. First, open the “XRio” file of the “7SA522” Siemens relay with “notepad++”. In this file, the relay provides the user with the information regarding the “Setting” as well as the values that are “Set” to the relay. As it has been said before, in this file, unlike “XRio Converter”, there are no “Script References” functions in “Rio Converter” tag. / The information related to “Relay Parameter Section” block with “ID=Setting” can be found in the “Custom” tag while the relay parameter information is available in its subcategories. For example, you can find “ID=PID_16611”, “Description=Setting Group Change Option”, “Foreign ID= 0103”, “Data Type= Enumeration” and “Enum List” in the parameter with “Name= Grp Chge OPTION”. Moreover, the information regarding “Device” block is mentioned in the “Rio” section. / Entering relay information in the software: Before loading the “7SA522” relay settings in “Vebko AMvPro Test” software, it is necessary, the “XRio Converter” file related to “7SA522” Siemens relay, which is available in the “Vebko AMPro Test” software, to be loaded. By clicking on “Import from list” icon, the “Load XRio and Rio file from list” page opens. On this page, in “XRio” mode, the model of “7SA522” relay is entered in the “Search” field. Then, its “XRio Converter” should be selected. After this file is loaded, the “XRio” file of the relay should be entered. To do this, click on “File” menu, then select “Load Relay Setting”. After that, select “XRio” relay output format from “Relay Config Type” field. / / In the “Config file path” the path to the “XRio” file is determined and the “XRio” file is selected. In the “Matching Algorithm” section, the user needs to specify the type of information that is to be loaded from the “XRio” file to the “XRio Converter”. If “Equal ID” option is checked and the other options are unchecked, then, only those parameters of the relay whose “ID” is the same in the “XRio” and “XRio Converter” files are loaded in the software. By clicking on “OK”, a message is displayed. In this message, the phrase “Parameter Values Imported” shows the number of parameters that are loaded in the software and their “ID” is the same as the “XRio Converter”. / Also, the “Different Names” phrase shows the number of loaded parameters that have the same “ID” but whose “Name” is not the same in “XRio” and “XRio Converter” files. The phrase “Corrected Names” shows the number of parameters whose “Name”, being different, is corrected by the software in accordance with the “XRio Converter”. The phrase “Errors” shows the number of erred parameters. The error can have various reasons; for example, the “Type” of a “Text” parameter can be specified as “String” in the “XRio Converter”. The phrase “Corrected Errors” shows the number of parameters whose error is corrected according to the “XRio Converter”. The phrase “Duplicate IDs” shows the number of parameters that have the same “ID” or “Foreign ID” in “XRio Converter” or “XRio” file. In such a case, Vebko software does not load the values of these parameters. / After clicking on “OK”, the relay information is loaded in the “XRio Converter”. After the relay information is loaded, the parameters entered on the left side are displayed in “Relay Config Log” field at the bottom of “Test Object” page while “xml” format of the “XRio” file is displayed on the right side. For example, the “Grp Chge OPTION” parameter is loaded in the software with no problem or the name of “RG/RLZ1” parameter in “XRio” file is different from its name in “Xrio Converter” file. / / Load Relay Setting Page: By reopening “Load Relay Setting” window, after determining the format of the relay file and selecting the path of “XRio” file, by clicking on “Advanced View” option, a window with the same name opens. Tree diagrams and the “xml” format of these two files are located at the top and bottom of this page, respectively, in a way that the “XRio” file of the relay can be seen on the right while the “XRio Converter” file can be seen on the left. If “Show XML documents” option is checked, these two files are, also, displayed as “xml”. For example, in the “XRio” file of the relay in “CUSTOM” block, the “Grp Chge OPTION” has “ID=PID_16611”. This parameter has the same “ID” in “CUSTOM” block in the “Xrio Converter” file of the software. As another example, a parameter in “XRio” file with “Id=PDI_25555” is named “50N – B1 instBl” while in “Xrio Converter” file the same “ID” is named “50N-B1 Pil/Bl”. This is why this parameter is placed in “Different Names” category. / / In “Matching Algorithm” part of the “Load Relay Setting” window, if the “Equal Foreign ID” option is checked, the parameters whose “Foreign ID” is the same in both “XRio” and “XRio Converter” files of the relay, are loaded. If the “XRio Contains Setting Foreign ID” and “Setting Contains XRio Foreign ID” options are checked, the parameters whose “Foreign ID” in “XRio” file includes some additional parameters, such as a letter or a half-space, are loaded and vice versa. For example, a parameter’s “Foreign ID= 109A” in XRio file while the same parameter’s “Foreign ID= 109A-B” in “XRio Converter” file. If the “XRio Contains Setting Foreign ID” option is checked, this parameter is loaded in the software and vice versa. / The “Equal Code of Foreign ID PCM600” option is for “ABB” relays. There is no connection between the “Foreign ID” of relay’s “XRio” and “XRio Converter” file in “XRio” file of these relays but in some conditions, the “Foreign”s in the “XRio” file of the relay and “XRio Converter” file are connected. For example, on the “Test Object” page, by clicking on “Import from file”, first, an “XRio Converter” related to the “ABB REL 65f0” is loaded; then, by clicking on “File” menu and selecting “Load Relay Setting” option, the “XRio” file related to this relay is selected. Also, in the “Matching Algorithm” tab, only the “Equal Code of Foreign ID PCM600” option is checked. By opening the “Advanced View” page, both files are displayed as “xml”. / As an example, a parameter named “BIM_3” with a specific “Foreign ID” is selected in the “XRio Converter” file while this parameter has a different “Foreign ID” in the “XRio” file of the relay. But it is seen that a part of the “Foreign ID” is the same in both files which means that the eight first characters and then the four second, third and fourth characters and the twelve fifth characters should be the same in the “Foreign ID” of both files so that this parameter is loaded in the “XRio Converter”. Then, by clicking on “OK”, it is seen that “2179” parameters are loaded in the “XRio Converter”. / / XRIO CONVERTER FORMULA WRITING To write the “XRio Converter” file, it is necessary to get familiar with some concepts. To begin, load “XRio Converter” of “7SJ62” relay in “Test Object” window. By clicking on “50” block in the path of “50/51 Overcur”, “Setting Group A” and “Relay Parameter Section” on tree diagram of the “XRio Converter” file, parameters of the “50” block are displayed. / Description of a block’s specifications: By double-clicking on “50” block, the “Rio Parameter Viewer” window opens; you can find “ID”, “Name” and “Description” of a block in “General Settings” section. Also, it is possible to specify a “Comment” and “Foreign ID” in every block. In the “Enabled” section you can see whether a block is enabled and if it’s dependent on a formula. By clicking on “…” option, “XRio Formula Editor” window opens. / On the right of this window, a formula is written for this block. “References” section includes “Ref. Enums” and “Ref. Params” sections and whether the “50” block is enabled depends on parameters and the “Enumerations” added in this section. To add a parameter, click on “+” option and select a parameter from the “XRio” tree diagram on the “Add Ref. Param” window; its details are displayed in the “Details” section. Details include “Name”, “ID”, “Description”, “Value”, “Data Type”, RefParam Name” and “RefEnum Name”. “Ref Enums” of this parameter are displayed in the form of a tree diagram at the bottom of the page. / / By clicking on “Add RefParam” and “Add RefEnum” options respectively, the selected parameter and its “RefEnum” are added to the “References” section. After adding the parameters to the “References” section, the formula should be entered on the right side by using the “ID” of the added parameters. Also, you can use the toolbar available on this page to write the formula. In the “Result” section, the final formula along with the type of acceptable data and the result of this formula are displayed. After writing the formula, you should click on “Test” option. If the formula is written correctly, a notification “Test was successful” is displayed. / / Description of a parameter’s specifications: If you double-click on one of the parameters from the “State” column, for example, “50-3 PICKUP” parameter, the “Rio Parameter Viewer” window opens. In the “General Setting” section, just like the “Block” section’s description, the same info, such as “Foreign ID” and “ID” are displayed but this time for a parameter. The difference is that this time there are “Value Properties” and “Display Properties” sections as well. In the “Value Properties” section, the value of a parameter, as well as its type and maximum / minimum allowed values are mentioned. Also, it is possible to depend on the value of a parameter on another parameter by using the formula. / / In this case, its formula is displayed in the “Formula” field which is exactly similar to the “Block” section. If the value of a parameter depends on another parameter, its cell is purple. In “Display Properties” section, the settings related to how the value of a parameter is displayed are set. In the “Unit” field, the unit of the parameter and in the “Digits after decimal” field, the number of decimals displayed the “Value” field is specified. In the “Multiplier” field, it is possible to specify a coefficient for unit of the parameters. For example, if unit A is specified, by selecting coefficient K, this parameter is displayed in kilo amperes. / WRITING “XRIO CONVERTER” FOR AN OVERCURRENT RELAY To write an “XRio Converter” file in the “Test Object” page, first, you need to add a block. To begin, right-click on “Custom” block and select “Add Block”. Also, you can use “Ctrl+B” Combined key to add a block. Likewise, another block is added to the subset of “Custom” block. / Then, the blocks should be named; to rename the blocks, right-click on “Custom” block and select “Rename Block”. “7sj62” is selected as the name for this block which is an example of an Over current relay. It should be noted that you can also use “F2” shortcut key to rename a block. The blocks “Block1” and “Block2” are named “Relay Parameter Section” and “Additional Information” respectively according to the relay menu. / After naming them, you should specify “ID”, “Name”, etc. for each of the blocks. By double-clicking on “7sj62” block on “Rio Parameter Viewer” page, “ID=CUSTOM” and “Name=7sj62” are specified. You can also specify “Description= Custom defined relay parameters”, “Foreign ID” and “Comment” for this block. In “Enabled” section, by selecting “Enable” it is specified that this block is active enabled. Then, click on “OK” to save the changes. Likewise, double-click on “Relay Parameter Section” and specify “ID=SETTING”. Also, for the “Additional Information” block, specify “ID=ADD_PARAM”. It should be noted that only capital letters are accepted as “ID” and it is not possible to use characters such as “”, “{}”, “/” etc. the only allowed character is “_”. / Next, the “Relay Parameter Section” block is selected and three more blocks are added to its subset. The first block is named “Device Config” and by double-clicking on it, “ID=DC” short for Device Config. is specified. To add a parameter to this block, right-click on it and select “Add Parameter”; then select the parameter type from the options available in the “Enumeration” on the “Parameter Type” window. Then, the list of “Enumerations” of this parameter is specified on the “Edit Enumeration Items” window and for each “Enumeration”, “IDstring” and “Valuestring” is entered. For example, the first “Enumeration” with “ID=TXT_1_101” and “Value=Disabled”, the second “Enumeration” with “ID=TXT_2_101” and “Value=Definite Time” and the third “Enumeration” with “ID=TXT_1_101” and “Value=Time Overcurrent” are specified. By clicking on “OK”, this parameter is added to the box on the right side and a “Name” and an “ID” should be specified for it. By double-clicking on “State” column, “Rio Parameter Viewer” window opens and “ID=OC_101”, “Name=50/51” and “Description=Time Overcurrent” are specified for the parameter. / / / Next, rename the second block to “Power System Data” and by double-clicking on it, specify “ID=PS” short for Power System. Then, add another block named “CT’s” with “ID=CT” to the subset of this block. Now, add a “Real” type parameter to this block. “Real” type is used for parameters with numerical value. By double-clicking on “State” column, on this window, specify “ID=CT_PRIMARY”, “Name=CT PRIMARY”, “Value=300”, “Min Value=10”, “Max Value=5000” and “Unit=A” for the parameter. This time add an “Enumeration” type parameter and specify two “Enumerations” with “ID=TXT_1_201”, “Value=1A”, “ID=TXT_2_201” and “Value=5A”. Then, by double-clicking on “State” column, specify “ID=CT_SEC” and “Name=CT Secondary”. / / Now, to proceed, press “F2” button and rename the third block to “Setting Group” and by double-clicking on it, specify “ID=SG” short for Setting Group. By using “Ctrl+B” combination key, add another block to the subset of this block and name It “50/51”; then double-click on it and specify “ID=ID_50_51” for this block. Add two more blocks with the names of “50” and “51” to the subset of this block and specify “ID=ID_50” and “ID=ID_51” for them respectively. / In the “50” block which includes the function “50”, add “Time Delay 50” and “Pickup 50” parameters according to the aforementioned information. As an example, for “Pickup 50” parameter, information such as “ID=PICKUP_50” and “Name=Pickup 50” are specified on “Rio Parameter Viewer” window. / Likewise, add two parameters to block “51”. After adding these two parameters with names of “Pickup 51” and “Time Dial 51”, you should add another parameter in which curve function “51” is specified. This parameter is of “Enumeration” type with two “Enumerations” and with “ID=TXT_1_51”, “Value=Normal Inverse”, “ID=TXT_2_51” and “Value=Very Inverse”. Then, double-click on “State” column and specify “ID=CURVE_51” and “Name=IEC_Curve”. / / Add a block named “Relay Information” with “ID=RI” short for Relay Information to the subset of “Additional Parameter” block. In this new block, information such as time and current tolerances are entered which are specified according to the manual of the relay. To do this, press “Ctrl+P”, select a “Real” type parameter and specify “ID=I_TOL_ABS1” and “Name=I Tolerance abs” for this parameter and then according to the manual of the relay, specify “10mA” as its “Value”. Add more parameters to this block with names of “Operate Time”, “t-Tolerance rel”, t-Tolerance abs”, “I-Tolerance abs5” and “I-Tolerance rel5”. The information related to these parameters is mentioned on each line. So far, the information about “Relay Parameter Section” and “Additional Information” for the overcurrent function is provided simply and briefly. Also, the structure of “XRio Converter” is completely covered. Now, whether these blocks are enabled should be determined. / / WRITING FORMULA FOR THE “XRIO CONVERTER” 3 So far, “Relay Parameter Section” and “Additional Information” for an Overcurrent function have been explained simply and briefly; also we have completely covered the structure of “XRio Converter” menu. Now we should talk about determining whether these blocks and parameters are enabled. / Enabling and disabling blocks: “50/51” block is located under the subcategory of “Setting Group”. To associate the enabling of “50/51” block to the parameter measure of “50/51” in the “Device Config” block, double-click on “50/51” block and select “Formula” in “Enabled” section. Then, click on “…” icon to open “XRio Formula Editor” window. The parameter with which the enabling of “50/51” block is associated should be entered in “References” section. / To enter the intended parameter, click on “+” to open “Add Ref.Param” window. From the box at the top of the page, select “50/51” parameter from the tree diagram of “XRio Converter” file in the “Device Config” block. After selecting this parameter, by clicking on “Add RefParam”, “50/51” parameter is added to the “References” in the “Ref.Params” section. “Enumerations” of this parameter are listed at the bottom of the page in the form of a tree diagram. Select your intended “Enumeration” and click on “Add RefEnum” to add the enumeration to “Ref. Enums” section. “Enumeration=Disabled” with “ID=TXT_1_101” is selected here. After closing this window, you can view the path to each parameter in the “Path” column. Paths are displayed by using the “ID” of each block. For example, “50/51” parameter with “ID=OC_101” is located along the path of “CUSTOM”, “SETTING” and “ID” blocks. Also, for writing the formula, “ID” of these parameters is used. / / / In the right box, it is specified that if there is a parameter with “ID=OC_101” and “Enumeration=Disabled”, “50/51” block should be enabled. This formula is written as “NOT OC_101=TXT_1_101”. After clicking on “Test”, if a message saying “Test was successful” is displayed, the formula is correct and there is no problem. If a tiny change is made to the formula, for example the “ID” is changed, by clicking on “Test” a message saying that there is no parameter with “ID=TXT_2_101” will be displayed. Then, by clicking on “OK” two more messages will be displayed saying that the displayed formula is not correct and the last message says “Test was not successful”. By correcting the formula and closing the “XRio Formula Editor” window, you can see that the status of the block is “False” and this block, displayed with an “X” sign, is disabled. If the measure of “50/51” parameter is changed in the “Device Config” block, Value=Definite Time, the “50/51” block is enabled and the “X” mark is removed. / / / Likewise, it is possible to associate enabling or disabling of other blocks with one or several parameters. Like the previous situation, a formula should be written for “50” block. By repeating the previous stages and selecting “50/51” parameter and “Enumeration=Disabled” with “ID=TXT_1_101”, a formula should be written for the activeness of this parameter on the “XRio Formula Editor”. This formula is written as “NOT OC_101=TXT_1_101”. So, whenever “50/51” block is enable, this block should be enable as well. Click on “Test” to validate the written formula and in the end click on “OK”. / For enabling of “51” block, double-click on it and select “Formula”. After opening the “Add Ref.Param” window, select “50/51 parameter and “Enumerations” of “Disabled” and “Definite Time”. In fact, “51” block is enabled when enumerations of “Disabled” and “Definite Time” are not selected. Then, the formula is written as “NOT OC_101=TXT_1_101_ AND NOT OC_101=TXT_2_101”. Click on “Test” to validate the formula and finally click on “OK”. If “Definite Time” is selected as the value of “50/51” parameter in the “Device Config” block, “50/51” and “50” blocks are enabled while “51” block is disabled. If “Time Overcurrent” is selected as the value of “50/51” parameter, all three blocks are enabled. / / Enabling and disabling parameters: In each block, it is possible to associate Enabling of parameters with another parameter. For example, in “51” block, “IEC Curve” parameter is enable when “Time Overcurrent” is selected as the value of “50/51” parameter. To do this, double-click on “State” column and select “Formula” from the “Enabled” section. By clicking on “…”icon in the “XRio Formula Editor” window like the previous example, in the “Add Ref.Param” window “50/51” parameter and “Enumeration=Time Overcurrent” with “ID=TXT_3_101” are selected and added to the “References” section. The formula is written as “OC_101=TXT_3_101” at the right side and by clicking on “Test” the validity of the formula is examined and the “OK” is selected. If in “Device Config” block, “Time Overcurrent” is selected as the value of “50/51” parameter, “IEC Curve” parameter is enabled while if “Definite Time” is selected, “IEC Curve” parameter is disabled. / / WRITING FORMULA FOR “XRIO CONVERTER”4 After completing the information regarding “Relay Parameter Section” and “Additional Information” sections, it is necessary to-you should- complete information of the “Rio” section as well. In “Rio” section, by double-clicking on any block, a window, which includes information about parameters of that block, opens; this information is also available in the tree diagram of that block. For example, parameters like “Device Name”, “Manufacturer”, etc. are located in “Name Plate” block. It is possible to assign a value to these parameters directly or associate them with parameters from “Custom” section by using formulas. In this video, necessary parameters for an overcurrent function are linked to values from the “Custom” section. Note that in writing a formula, the “ID” of each parameter is used. / Linking parameters of “Rio” section: In this video –the target- our goal is to complete the information regarding the “51” function. “In”, “I prim”, etc. parameters are located at the “Nominal Values” section. To link values of the “In” parameter with the values of “XRio”, it is necessary to define a formula for this parameter. To do so, after double-clicking on “State” column, in “Rio Parameter Viewer” window from “Value Properties” section, click on “…” icon in the “Formula” field to open “XRio Formula Editor” window. On this window, first the intended parameter CT Secondary should be entered. To do this, click on “+” and in “Add Ref.Param” window, select “CT Secondary” parameter from the “XRio” tree diagram. Then, select “Enumeration=1A” and “ID=TXT_1_201” from the box at the bottom of the page to add them to the “References” section. -For The “In” parameter when the “CT Secondary” parameter’s “Enumeration=1A” ,the value of the parameter “In=1A”; otherwise, it should be “5A”. To write this formula, the “If” command is used in a way that the final formula is “IIfCT_SEC=TXT_1_201,1,5”. Then, click on “Test” to validate the formula. In the “Result” section, “Result Value=1A”. Finally, click on “OK” to save the settings. / / / You can see that the color of “Value” cell of “In” parameter is turned into purple which means that its value is associated with another parameter based on the formula in the “Formula” column. Also, by clicking on “Reference map”, you can see that the value of this parameter is linked to another parameter. By double-clicking on the box of the parameter, the given address for this parameter CT Secondary is displayed. If the value of this parameter is changed to “5A”, the value of “In” parameter changes accordingly. The value of “I prim” parameter is linked to the value of “CT Primary” parameter in the same way. By following the mentioned steps, “CT Primary” parameter is added to the “References” section. Because this parameter is of the “Real” type and lacks “Enumeration”, to write the formula, only the phrase “CT_PRIMARY” is entered. The written formula means that the “I prim” parameter will have the same value as the “CT Primary” parameter. / / / / “Overcurrent” block: After completing “Device” block, information of the “Overcurrent” block should be completed. By double-clicking on this block, you can see that there is a series of parameters in “Relay Parameters” and “Elements” tabs which are also available from the “Overcurrent” tree diagram separately. Also, in the “General” block, parameters such as “Time Tolerance Relative”, “Time Tolerance Absolute”, Current Tolerance Relative” and “Current Tolerance Minimum” are available. The information regarding these parameters is available from “Relay Information” block in “Custom” section. These parameters should be used in the “Rio” section as well. It should be noted that the value of “Reference Current” parameter is, by default, linked to the value of “INOM” parameter in the “Nominal Values” block. Double-click on the “State” column in “Time Tolerance Relative” parameter and on “Rio Parameter Viewer” window, click on “…” option. On the “XRio Formula Editor” window in the “References” section, after clicking on “+”, “t-Tolerance rel” parameter is added to the “References” section from the “XRio” tree diagram. Then, the formula is written in form of “TTOLREL”. Next, click on “TEST” and after “Test was successful” message is displayed, click on “OK”. A “5%” value is displayed in the “Result Value” section. Likewise, the value of “Time Tolerance Absolute” and “Current Tolerance Relative” parameters are linked to and associated with the values of “t-Tolerance abs” and “I-Tolerance rel” parameters. In the manual of the relay, “Current Tolerance Minimum” parameter is stated as that there is at least “10mA" and “50mA" current error in “1A” and “5A” nominal currents respectively. To state this parameter in the software, the formula should be written as “0.01*Inom”. First, it should be determined whether the nominal current is “1A” or “5A”. Because the “Current Tolerance Minimum” parameter is stated in accordance with “IREF”, to write the formula, “CT Secondary” and “Reference Current” parameters and “Enumeration=1A” with “ID=TXT_1_201” are should be selected and added to “References” section. Finally, the formula is written as “0.01*ifCT_SEC=TXT_1_201,1,5/IREF”. / / / / Note that in the “CT” block, the values of “IPrim” and “ISec” parameters are, by default, linked to the values of “IPRIM” and “INOM” parameters in “Nominal Values” section. Moreover, the parameters of “VT”, “Neutral CT” and “Residual VT” blocks are, by default, linked to the values of “XRio Converter”. The “Timed Overcurrent Element” subcategory in the “Overcurrent Elements” block gives us information about “50/51” function like “Pickup” current and operation time. As mentioned before, in this video, our goal is to complete the information of “51” function. To activate “51” block, double-click on “OverCurrent” block. Then, in the “Element” tab double click on “Tripping Characteristic” column and select “IEC Normal Inverse” curve from the “Manage / Select characteristic” window and then click on “OK”. Then, in the “Operating Curves” block, you can see that the “51” curve is defined as an “IEC Normal Inverse” and the information about this curve is displayed as well. / / / WRITING FORMULA FOR “XRIO CONVERTER”5 In the previous video, the information regarding “Device” block and some parts of “Overcurrent” block such as “General”, “CT” and “VT” were completely covered. As mentioned before, under the “Elements” tab by double-clicking on “Overcurrent” block, “Normal Inverse” curve is selected for “51” function; the information related to this curve is located in “Overcurrent Elements” block. Now we are going to complete the “Overcurrent Elements” block information. / Enabling a characteristic curve: As you can see, activeness or inactiveness of the characteristic curves is determined in “Active” column. To link the value of this parameter which is located in the “Timed Overcurrent Element” block, by following the mentioned steps in previous videos, in “Add Ref.Param” window in “Device Config” block, “50/51” parameter with “Enumeration=Time Overcurrent IEC” and “ID=TXT_3_101” is selected and in “51” block, “IEC Curve” parameter with “Enumeration=Normal Inverse” with “ID=TXT_1_51” is selected and added to “References” section. Then, the formula is written as “OC_101=TXT_3_101 AND CURVE_51=TXT_1_51”. To validate the written formula, click on “Test” and finally click on “OK”. / / Determining the value of lpickuup.nom: The parameters related to “Ipickup” current and its tolerances are located in “Pick up Current” block. To link the current value of “Ipickup” whose value is a coefficient of “IREF”, double click on “State” column and by clicking on icon “…” in “Value Properties” section, click on “+” on “XRio Formula Editor” window and select parameter “Pickup 51” from “51” block and “Reference Current” parameter from “General” block on the “XRio” tree diagram to add them to “References” section. Then, using the “ID” of added parameters, the formula is written in the box at the right side as “PICKUP_51/IREF”. The formula is validated by clicking on “Test”. The value of “Ipickup.nom” parameter is calculated in accordance with that the value of “Pickup 51=1A” in “51” block and the value of “CT Secondary=1A” in “CT’S” block. / / / Determining the current tolerances: To link the value of “Tolerance Absolute Positive” parameter with “Current Tolerance Minimum” parameter, by following the mentioned steps from the “XRio” tree diagram, in the “General” and “Overcurrent” blocks from the “Rio” section, the “Current Tolerance Minimum” parameter is added to “References” section and the formula is written as “CURRENTTOLABS” in the box at the right side and then the formula is validated. / Likewise, the values of “Tolerance Absolute Negative", “Tolerance Relative Positive” and “Tolerance Relative Negative” parameters are linked with parameters with “ID=CURRENTTOLABS”, “ID=CURRENTTOLREL” and “ID=CURRENTTOLREL” respectively. The “Tolerance Actual Positive” parameter selects the highest amount of positive tolerance from “Tolerance Absolute Positive” and “Tolerance Relative Positive” and based on a percentage of “IREF” puts it in its “Value” field. So, by following the previous steps and adding “Ref.Params”, the formula is written as “MaxTOLABSPOS,TOLRELPOS*NOMVAL/100” and validated. / / “Tolerance Actual Negative” parameter is almost the same as the previous parameter. The only difference is that it calculates the highest amount of negative tolerance and its formula is written as “MaxTOLABSNEG,TOLRELNEG*NOMVAL/100”. Also, for “Test Positive” parameter, the formula is written as “NOMVAL+TOLACTPOS+NOMVAL*TESTTOL/100”. This parameter shows the maximum total error of the test which may occur because of measurement error of current transformers, test device, noise, etc. in “Test Negative” parameter, the formula is written as “NOMVAL – TOLACTNEG –NOMVAL * TESTTOL / 100” which shows the minimum total error of the test. / Determining trip time and the range of relay performance: After determining current tolerances, the information related to “Time Multiplier/Trip Time” block should be completed. In this block, by following the mentioned steps, the value of “Nom.Time Multiplier” parameter should be linked with “Time Dial 51” parameter which is located in “51” block. / According to “IEC” standard, the “Ipickup” current value of relays can range from “1.1” times to “1.3” times of the nominal current. Based on the manual of this relay, “1.1” is selected for this relay which means that the relay must not “Pickup” less than the determined current. This parameter is located in “Min Operate Current” block with the name of “Nom.Min.Op.Curr” and its value should be linked with “1.1” times of the nominal current. So, the formula is written as “1.1*NOMVAL”. According to “IEC” standard, if the injected current is bigger than “20” times of the nominal current, the relay should give a trip at a “Definite” time. This parameter is located in “Max Operate Current” block with the name of “Nom.Max.Op.Curr” but in this video, we skipped entering the information of this parameter. It should be noted that the activeness of “Range Limits” value should be linked with another parameter in “Device Config” block. This parameter is located in “Timed Overcurrent Element” block with the name of “Use Range Limits”. By repeating the mentioned steps for linking and selecting the “50/51” parameter and “Enumeration=Time Overcurrent IEC” with “ID=TXT_3_101”, the formula is written as “OC_101=TXT_3_101” and after testing, the “OK” option is selected. You can find this parameter in “Elements” tab of “Overcurrent” block. If this option is enabled, the relay must not “Pickup” in current values less than “lmin”. / / / Final review: The information regarding the curve is mentioned in the tree diagram of “Operating Curves” and “Standard Curve” blocks. / You can view the changes made by double-clicking on “Overcurrent” block. Under the “Relay Parameters” tab, the tolerance values are derived from the determined formula and its cell color is turned purple. Also, under the “Elements” tab, the parameters for which a formula is determined are turned purple. Then, click on “Ok” so save the settings. You can see that the “Normal Inverse” curve is displayed on “Overcurrent Characteristic” window. / / / To further examine the validity of written “XRio” file, some cases are tested as a sample. To do this, “Disabled” is selected in “Device Config” block and then by double-clicking on “Overcurrent” block, you can see that the curve has been disabled. Also, by clicking on “Ok”, no curve is displayed on “Overcurrent Characteristic” window. / / As another example, the value of “Time Overcurrent IEC” is selected in “Device Config” block and in “51” block, “Pickup 51=4A" is determined as the current value while “Time Dial 51=0.5” is determined as time. In the “Overcurrent” block it is observed that the same changes are made. For example, the minimum current value is “Ipickup=4.4A”. After clicking on “OK”, the changes are made to “Overcurrent Characteristic” window. / / / COMPLEMENTARY EXPLANATIONS OF “DEVICE” SECTION Before talking about the “AMT-Sequencer” room and its features, because there are items that are related to the “Device Setting” information, it is necessary to provide some additional information about this section. At the left of this page, the general information about the relay is entered. This information includes name of the manufacturer, type of the relay, serial number, installation location etc. As the type of information in this section indicates, this information is used merely as report and does not affect the test or its results. But the information at the right which is partly derived from the relay settings can be used as a reference for determining the voltage and current output of the device. / In “Nominal Values” section the information related to nominal frequency and turn ratio of PT and CT are entered. From the information of this section, the PT secondary voltage is known as nominal voltage while the CT secondary voltage is known as nominal current. Note that in “Vprimary” and “Vsecondary” section, it is possible to enter the ratio of transformation in line to line or phase. In “Residual Voltage/Current Factor” section, the coefficients of residual voltage and current for relays where the residual voltage and current are separated from the input voltage and current are mentioned. These coefficients are used to calculate VE and IE. In “Limits” section, the range of maximum output voltage and current of the device are specified and the user can, according to the type of wiring specified in “Hardware Configuration” section, determine the maximum output voltage and current of the device. / In the “Debounce Time” field In “Debounce/Deglitch Filter” section, it is specified that every 3 milliseconds, the device examines the signal transmission from the relay. In “Deglitch Time” section, it is specified that the transferred signal from the relay should be retained for 400 microseconds until the reception of signal is detected. Note that both of these values can range from 200 to 1.5 microseconds. / By using “Save to template” option, the information entered in this section is saved in the software as a template and it is possible to load this template by using the “Load Template” option. The “Import” option is used when the user wishes to use the settings of this section on another computer or to be able to recover the settings after cleaning the cache of the software. / AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SEQUENCER ROOM After getting familiar with “Hardware Configuration” and “Test Object” pages which are used for configuring the device and entering the relay characteristics, now it is time to get familiar with the "AMT-Sequencer" room. As mentioned in previous videos, “AMT-Seque ncer”, is the main room of the software and it is possible to design, run and evaluate all tests of the relays and equipment from this room. To design any test, first, it is necessary to become familiar with the pages as well as features of this room. This room includes all windows, diagrams and options that a user needs for doing a test. / “Table View” window: different states of injected signal, analog and digital inputs and outputs of the device for performing a test are created in this window as tables named “state”. / “Detail View” window: details related to each “State”, including the type of “State”, status of “Binary Outputs”, status of all “States” etc. are located in this window. / “Signal View” window: the overall waveform of the output signal of the device and “Binaries/Analog”s of inputs and outputs of the device during a test are displayed in diagrams of this window in accordance with the settings of every “State”. / “Vector View” window: injected signals of the device in form of vectors, differentiating between imaginary and real values, main harmonic etc. are displayed on this window. This window and “Signal View” window are used to analyze the performance of the relay as well as resolving issues. / “Measurement View” window: this window is used for time and value assessment of the results of the performed tests. It is possible to set the settings of this page before or after performing the test and evaluate the performance of the relay and the tested equipment. / “Star-condition Repetition” window: this window has three main tabs where it is possible to specify the conditions to start the test, repetition time of every test and settings related to the test counter. / “Harmonic Restraint View” and “Impedance View” windows: these two windows are used to view the impedance, differential trajectory and “Power Swing” test. / “TABLE VIEW” WINDOW The first step in designing a test is to make different states of the test in “Table View” window. This means that to simulate fault state, it is necessary to inject signal several stage and receive feedback. Every stage of the test is showed on this window in form of a table named “state” and each “state” is made of several components. / To open the “Table View” window, it is possible to use “View” menu or the toolbar at the top of the page. In the first part of every “state”, RMS value, phase and frequency of the outputs of the device, which are selected in “Hardware Configuration” part, are specified. In the first column of this part, the RMS value of the outputs of the device is specified. The maximum allowed value is determined in “Limits” section in “Test Object” page. In the second column, the phase of the output signals of the device is specified which can be between 0 to 360 degrees. Also, in the third column the frequency of the output signals of the device are specified which can be between 0 to 1.5 kHz. If DC signal is needed, the frequency should be specified as 0. / / / / In the “Bin. Out” section, the open/close state of “Binary Outputs” of the device is determined in accordance with the user’s wish. In the “Trigger” section, the conditions of “state” completion are determined which can be based on time, by pressing “space” button by the user and, also, based on receiving a specified signal from the relay or a combination of all three of these conditions. It is necessary to consider these two points: The first point is that in this section, it is possible to activate the related condition by double-clicking on any of the icons. To adjust the settings related to the “Inputs” you can do so from “Detail View” window or simply by checking “Trigger Condition” option. / The second point: these conditions have “OR” logic with each other. This means that if several conditions are met, if one of them is true, the current “state” ends. In the next section the type of “state” is determined which can be selected from the available drop-down list. Note that each of these types is described in “Detail View” section. In “Bin. Input” section, the momentarily receival state of signal on every activated binary inputs is specified. In the “Comment” section, any important note about each “state” is recorded by the user. Note that entering information in this section is only possible in “Detail View” page. / Right-click on “Table View” window RMS value column By right-clicking on any column of the “Table View” window, a list containing several options opens. Each of these options is designed for a specific purpose. After right-clicking on the column related to “RMS” value, by selecting “Nominal Value”, the amount of current and voltage in each cell is changed to specified nominal values in “Device” block in “Test Object” page. By selecting “Zero” it is possible to set the cell value to zero. If the user wishes the voltage or current in all three phases to be equal to the selected cell value, they can select the “Equal Magnitudes” option. Also by checking “Link Magnitude” option, the values of all three phases will be linked together. It should be noted that if two groups of voltage or current are activated from “Hardware Configuration”, you can see that the three phases of group A are linked together while the three phases of Group B are linked together. To better understand this, enter 2amps as the current for one of the phases of group A and enter 4amps as the current for one of the phases of group B. / / The “100% Load” option is used for changing the current to nominal value. The “50% Load” option is used for changing the current to half of the nominal value and the “Unloaded” option is used for changing the current to zero. Note that by selecting any of these options, the voltage is changed to the nominal value. If the user copies the values of voltage and current by right-clicking in “Vector View” window and selecting “Copy to Clipboard”, by selecting “Paste From Vector View Clipboard” in “Table View” window they can paste these values in their intended “state”. Also, by clicking on “L1L2L3-L3L1L2” option, the rotation of the phases as well as their values will change. / / “Link to XRio” option enables the user to relate the value of voltage, current, phase or frequency to any desired parameter in “XRio”. By selecting this option, “Link to XRio” window opens where the desired parameter can be selected. For example, in the “XRio” tree diagram in “Rio” section, in “Nominal Value” branch in “Device” block, the “In” parameter is selected. Also, it is possible to multiply the selected parameter by a specific value or add it to a specific value which is, finally, displayed in the box at the bottom. On the top right of this window it is possible to search a parameter. By checking “Filter by Sender Unit” on the left, all “XRio” parameters which have the same “unit” with the selected parameter in “Sequencer” are marked. / After linking the intended voltage, you can see that the selected cell is turned purple which indicates that this cell is linked with a value from the “XRio”. By selecting “Go to Linked Value”, it is possible to view that the selected parameter in “Sequencer” is linked with which parameter in “XRio”. If the user does not wish the parameter to be linked with “XRio”, it is possible to remove the link by selecting “Remove Link” option. / Phase column / By right-clicking on this column and selecting “Line Angle”, the angles of the selected voltage or current will equal with angle value of transmission line. It is possible to view and adjust this value in “Distance” block in “Test Object” page. By selecting “Zero”, it is possible to set the selected voltage or current to zero. If the user wishes to have the minimum amount of received current in the beginning of voltage injection, by selecting "90°" option, the phase of the injected voltage is set to 90 degrees. Balance Angle” option is selected for each cell, the related signal is selected as the reference signal and other phases are set at a degree with a 120 degrees, degree of difference with the reference signal. The “Reverse Rotation” option does the same in counterclockwise. This means that if this option is selected for a cell, regardless of its phase value, -120 degrees is Added to the next phase, respectively. By clicking on “Link angles Equals”, the angles of all three phases are equated and if one of them is changed, the others change accordingly. Also, the “Link angles Balance” option causes that if one of the phases is changed, the others change with a 120 degree difference. “Frequency” Column By selecting the “Nominal Value” from the options available for this column, the frequency value in each cell is changed to its nominal value in the “Device” block in the “Test Object” page. By selecting “DC”, the frequency is changed to zero and it is possible to produce “DC” signal. / If the user wishes all the frequency values to be equal, the “Equal Frequency” option can be used. By selecting this option for any cell, the frequency of other signals is set equal to the selected cell."Link Frequency" links all values of the frequencies with each other. This means that if one of the frequencies is changed, the other frequencies change the same amount as well and all the signals will always have the same frequency. If you need signals with different frequencies, you should uncheck this option. Decaying signal If you wish to create “DC” decaying signal, after setting the frequency to zero, it is possible to enter the time constant in the phase column. As you know, the relation of a decaying signal is written as “A*e^-t*T”. In this relation “A” is amplitude while “T” is the opposite of time constant. This means that the number you enter is the “T”. / /. THE SEPARATE TOOLBAR OF “TABLE VIEW” WINDOW By double-clicking on any window in the software it is possible to maximize it and by repeating the double-click it is possible to restore the previous state. The separate toolbar of the “Table View” window is located in the second row at the top of the “Vebko AMPro” software in the “Sequencer” room. By using the “New State” option, it is possible to create a new “State”. This “State” will be placed after the last created “State”. This is equal to the “Append” option available by right-clicking anywhere at the top of any “State”. When there are multiple “States”, it is possible to make the intended “State” smaller by double-clicking on it or clicking on the cog icon and selecting “Small Mode”. / / / / By using the “Delete State” option, it is possible to delete a “State”. This option contains “Selected State” and “Unselected State”. As you can see, there is a small square at the top of every “State”. By checking this square, you can select this “State”. If when deleting a “State”, “Selected State” option is selected, all of the states whose “Square” has been checked will be deleted. If “Unselected State” is selected, all “States” whose square has not been checked will be deleted. You can view this option by right-clicking on the ribbon at the top of any “State” and selecting the “Delete” option. Moreover, by selecting a “State” and right-clicking on it and then selecting “Delete” or “Delete State” option from the toolbar, it is possible to delete that “State”. / / / If the user wishes to add a “State” and place this new “State” in a specific order, they can use “Insert Before” and “Insert After” options. In this case, the user clicks on a “State” and then selects “Insert Before” to add a new “State” with similar information before the current “State”. By clicking on a “State” for the second time, the user can place the new “State” after the current “State” by selecting “Insert After”. It is, also, possible to view these options by right-clicking on any “State”. To create an impedance shot in the “Sequencer” room, “Insert Z Shot” option can be used. By selecting this option, a window named “Insert Impedance Shot” opens where you can adjust the value of the parameters. In “Line Parameters” section, impedance of the line as well as its angle can be specified. To change these values, you should go to the “TestObject” page in the “Distance” block. In “Fault Parameters”, the error information is specified. The type of the error, the location of the error in form of a relation of length of the line and the error current are specified in “Fault Type” section, “Location” and “Itest” section respectively. / / In “Time Setting” section, the time related to “Prefault”, “Maxfault” and “Postfault” “States” and also the delay time of the circuit breaker operation is specified. This value should be adjusted from the “CBConfiguration” block in “TestOject” page. In “Trigger/Measurement” section, the reception contact of “Trip” signal is specified and in the slide bar of that section, the active binaries of the device are displayed. You can see that only the binary number one is active here. Also, in “Tnom”, “Tdev+” and “Tdev-“section, it is possible to adjust the nominal time for reception of “Trip” with the values of positive and negative tolerance for evaluation of the test in the “Measurement View” window. By selecting the "Insert Z Shot" option, three "States" are created consecutively after the current "State” with the names of "Prefault", "Maxfault" or "L1L2L3, 100%" and "Postfault". This can be done, also, by right-clicking on any of the “States” and selecting “Insert Z Shot”. / The “Default State” option in the right-click menu of “States” returns all values of “States” to the default settings in the “Device” block in “TestObject” page. “Select File to Merge” option is used when the user wishes to import the information of several “States” to his page from a saves test file. By selecting this option, the corresponding window opens and in “Select File” section, by selecting “Browse”, you can select your intended file. By doing so, the “States” existent in the intended file are displayed. By checking any of these “States”, you can select that “State” to import its information to the current page. Then, in the section related to “Insert Information”, the intended location for importing the “State” is specified. In “Location” section, it is specified that the “State” should be added before or after the current “State” and in “Current State” section, it is possible to determine the current “State”. Finally, by selecting “Add” you can import the information. / / The next option is “Copy & Paste of State” and by selecting it, the corresponding window opens. In “States List For Copy” section of this window, the list of currently available “States” opens and by checking any of them, it is possible to select the information of that “State” for copying and in the “Options For Paste” section, just like the previous part, the location for pasting the “State” is specified. Also, in “Repetition” section, you can specify how many times this copying procedure is to be repeated. You can do this by using the options available in the right-click menu or any “State”. By clicking on “Paste State”, you can paste the copied “State” information to the current “State”. If the user has changed the name of “States” and wishes to restore the default name of the “States”, the “Correct Names of States” option can be used. / The last part has two options which are related to displaying the signal of “States” in the “Signal View” window. By selecting “All States”, it is possible to view the voltage and current signals of all “States” in “Signal View” but if “Current State” is selected, it is only possible to view the signals of the current “State” in the “Signal View”. At the left of the toolbar, the number of “States” and “State” numbers are displayed. In this section, it is possible to move to after and before the current “State” as well as the last and first “State” by using “Next State”, “Previous State”, “Last State” and “First State” respectively. / / / “DETAIL VIEW” TAB / After creating different “States” for the test in “Table View” window, it is necessary to specify the details of each “State” separately in “Detail View” window. To open this window, click on “Detail View” from the “View” menu or click on “Detail View” icon from the toolbar at the top of the page. you can Also keep “Alt” key and press left click or press mouse scroller to open “Detail View” as “Pop up” Style. / / “Analog Out” tab: Generally, in the “Analog Out” tab, the details related to each “State” including output voltage and currents of the device, the type of “State”, the state of input and output binaries of the device, the ending conditions of each “State” and some other settings are mentioned. / “Binary Out” tab: In this tab, the settings related to opening and closing the active output binaries of the device and their connection with each other are adjusted. / “Trigger” tab: In “Trigger” tab, the ending conditions of each “State” and some settings related to the “Overcurrent” errors of the device are adjusted. Moreover, the comments of the testing person are recorded in the comment box of this section. / “Serial” tab: This tab is used to send a series of hardware codes in form of a “Packet” from the “AMT105” to an external instrument. / “Report Setting” tab: This tab is used for the report settings of every “State”. It is possible to add or remove the characteristics of the selected “State” to or from the report. In future videos, every introduced section along with its details will be explained separately. /. ANALOG OUT TAB In the beginning of this video, we close the “Measurement View” window and change the size of other windows. In “State Type” section, the type of “State” is selected from the “State Type” dropdown field and in the “State Name” field a name Vebko is selected for the “State”. / In “Set Mode and Fault Type” section, the outputs of the device are specified according to parameters and types of faults. For example, in “Direct” mode, the output voltage and current of the device are determined directly but in “Line-Line” mode, the user specifies values of the line voltage and the zero sequence voltage, and the device produces the output voltage and current values in accordance with those other values. It should be noted that in this video, the instruction is done in “Direct” mode and descriptions about different “Set Modes” will be provided in future videos. / In “Binary Outputs” box, the state of binary Outputs of the device are specified where the user can enable or disable any binary according to the condition of the test. Moreover, from the “Binary Out” tab the user can adjust the settings related to binary Outputs in more details. / In “Binary Inputs” section, the state of active binaries of the device and the reception time of contact is specified. “Trigger setting” section: In “Comment” field, the user can add a note about the current “State”. This note is, also, viewable from the “Table View” window, “Comment” field. In “State Termination” section, the user determines the conditions for termination of the current “State” and initiation of the next “State”. In “Timeout” field, the signal injection time is determined by the user and after that the test ends or goes to the next “State”. / / / If the user wishes to specify conditions to terminate the current “State” according to reception of “Pickup” and “Trip” signals from the relay, they need to use the “Use binary trigger condition as specified below” option. To do this, first, the needed binaries should be enabled from the “Hardware Configuration” page. Then, in “Binary Trigger Condition” section, the condition of each binary for terminating the current “State” is specified. The conditions that the user can use are mentioned in the slide bar in front of each contact. Condition “0”, no contact has been received by the binary. Condition “1”, the binary, has received “Pick Up” or “Trip” contact. Condition “0 - 1”, the binary is first in “0” condition no contact received and then “Pick up” or “Trip” contact is received. In this condition, it is necessary for the binary to detect “0” to “1” signal. Condition “1 - 0”, the binary is, at first, in condition “1” contact received and then the contact is removed from the binary. In this condition, it is necessary for the binary to detect “1” to “0” signal. Condition “1 - 0”. “0 - 1”, if the binary detects any of the conditions “0 - 1” or “1 - 0”, the termination command of “State” is made. Condition “X” means there is no condition determined for “State” termination of this binary. It should be noted that if more than one condition is determined for “State” termination, the user needs to choose one logic from “AND” and “OR” logics from the “Trigger Logic” section to apply to the determined conditions. By using the “AND” logic, to terminate the “State” all conditions should be met while by using “OR” logic, if any of the conditions is met, the “State” is terminated. It should be noted that all this setting can be adjusted in “Binary Inputs” box by checking “Trigger Condition”. In this section in “Detail View” window, by checking “Show Time from this State” option, the contact reception time origin since the current “State” started is specified. Also, if you wish only for the last binaries state change to be displayed, check “Show only last change” and select one from among “1”, “0” and “0&1” radio-buttons in accordance with your needs. “0&1” option displays the last state of zero and one. It should be reminded that in the default mode of the software, if the binary is open circuited, it means that no contact is received and when the two ends of the binary are short circuited it means that contact has been received. This setting can be adjusted by changing the value of each binary from “True” to “False” in “Reverse” column of the “Hardware Configuration” page. / / For example, from the “Hardware Configuration” window and “Binary / Analog Input”, 6 binaries are selected with specific active “Targets”. Then, in “Trigger” section, the conditions of the binary are set at "0"، "1"،"1 ˃˗ 0"، 0 ˃˗ 1، 0 ˃˗ 1 . 1 ˃˗ 0 and X and “OR” is selected as the logic between them. In this case, by fulfilling any of condition, the current state is terminated but if “AND” logic is selected, all conditions must be fulfilled for the “State” to be terminated. Note that in “State Termination” section, between “Time Out”, “Space Key Press” and “Use Binary trigger condition as specified below” there is an “OR” logic and if they are selected simultaneously, if any of the conditions is fulfilled , the current “State” is terminated. By using “Trigger Logic Minimum Time”, the user specifies that how long the determined condition should last for the “State” to be terminated. It should be noted that this feature only works on conditions “1” and “0”. In the field related to “Delay after Binary Trigger”, the user makes a delay time between when the condition is fulfilled and when the “State” is terminated. For example, to simulate key performance delay, if 50 milliseconds is entered in this field, the current “State” is terminated after a 50 milliseconds delay and the key cutoff time is simulated. View videos of “Synchronizer Room” to see how “Synchronizer Mode” works. In “Other Setting” section, by checking “Disable Error Other”, errors of “Other” type are disabled in the current “State”. Also, by checking “Disable Error Overvoltage of Binary”, the “Overvoltage” errors of the analog binary inputs of the device are disabled in the current “State”. / In the "Error/Trigger Overcurrent" box a condition for the software overcurrent error or the termination of the state in case high current extraction is specified. By selecting "Overcurrent trigger" if the current extracted is more than 2A from the device, current state terminate. Therefore the software applies the next "state" and if it’s the last "state" the test ends without giving any error message. / In “Overcurrent” section, the user adjusts the settings related to “Overcurrent” error of the outputs of the voltage outputs. Note that the maximum current of each output is 400 milliamps and 2amps in transient state. In the field related to “Percent Error Overcurrent”, the maximum voltage output current is specified in percent and in the field related to “Threshold Error Overcurrent”, the maximum output current is specified as a number for the “Overcurrent” error. For example, if in the “Percent Error Overcurrent” field 90 percent is entered, if the output current of the device reaches to 90 percent of the voltage output current, which is 1.8 amps, the device errors. Also, if in the “Threshold Error Overcurrent” field, 1 amps is entered, as soon as the current drawn from the voltage outputs exceeds 1 amps, the “Overcurrent” error is displayed and the test stops. “Disable Relay” section: Generally, the device works in a way that there are relays embedded behind all current and voltage outputs of the device. Before the test, all amplifiers of the device are off and all relays are open. By “Running” the test, the amplifiers turn on in 20 milliseconds, then, for 20 milliseconds the device produces a 60 volts voltage and 5 amps current and then examines that there is no “Self-calibration” error. After that, for 20 milliseconds, zero current and voltage are produced behind the current and voltage outputs. After these steps, the relays close. Now, after 100 milliseconds, the voltage and current of the test are created. By doing this before the test, the device is isolated from any outside voltage. Also, the amplifiers are off and the device is silent. By checking the box next to the title of every output in each “State”, the related relay opens and no more voltage or current is sent to the outputs. For example, to test “Magnetic Balance” of the transformer, it is necessary to open circuit some wiring in some state which it is done by disabling the relay of the related phase in the device. QUICK TYPE because “State Type: Quick” is very useful, for this “State Type”, there is a “Layout” named “Default Layout for Quick” designed for this “State Type” in “Window” menu. In this “Layout”, “Detail View”, “Signal View”, “Impedance View” and “Vector View” windows are located by default. / To describe this “State Type” and to view the outputs, it is better to maximize only “Detail View” and “Signal View” windows. In this “State Type” it is possible to, either manually or automatically, adjust the voltage and current signal output of the device in form of an increasing or decreasing ramp. In this “State Type” the user can create an increasing or decreasing ramp not only on the amplitude of signals but also on phase and frequency values. In “Analog Out” tab in “State Type” section, “Quick” is selected from the slide bar and in the “State Name” field, a name is selected for the intended “State”. Description about “State Type: Quick” is provided in “General: Direct “mode. In this mode, the voltage and current signals are initialized directly. To create an increasing or decreasing ramp on outputs of the device, information of “Analog Output Channels” and “Step Values” tables should be completed. “Analog Output Channels” table In this table the start value of signals is entered which indicates the start point of the ramp. This start value can be entered for all three parameters amplitude, phase and frequency of current or voltage. It should be noted that it is possible to use ramp on both voltage and current signals simultaneously. For example, the start values of voltage signals are “10”, “15”, and “20” volts and “2”, “3” and “4” amps for current signals. Other information related to “Analog Output Channels” has been described before. “Step Values” table In this table, the value of “Step” to increase or decrease signals is entered. In this table it is possible to enter the “Step” value for all three parameters amplitude, phase and frequency. This means that it is possible to increase or decrease all these parameters simultaneously with different or the same amplitudes. At the top of this table, by checking “Simple mode L1-L2-L3”, you will have the same steps for all three voltage or current phases. After checking this option in “Voltage” and “Current” sections, the parameter on which we wish to create a ramp is selected from the slide bar in the “Ramp on” section. Then, the “Step” value is entered in “Step Value” field. After unchecking “Simple modeL1-L2-L3”, in “Step Values” table, “1”, “2” and “3” volts are entered for voltage signals as ramp values while for current signals, “0.1”, “0.2” and “0.3” amps are entered as ramp values. By checking “Enable mouse wheel” option, if the cursor is on “Step Values” table, by using the mouse wheel, it is possible to increase or decrease the signal values and the specified steps simultaneously. This can be during or even before running the test. It should be noted that these changes are only possible if the ramp is set on “Manual” mode. “Quick Setting” section In this section by checking “Show Time from final step”, the time from the final step is displayed. One of the uses for this is in measuring the trip time of the relay. By checking “Clear Test after Start Edit” after running the test, if any changes are made to the test, without using the Clear test option, Information and setting can be altered. By checking the "Enable mouse wheel everywhere" option and holding the mouse pointer over the "Detail View" window, the values of the signals will increase or decrease with the specified steps if the mouse roller is rotated. If the mouse roller is turned upwards, the ramp will be incremental, and if it is rotated downwards, the ramp will be decreasing. This option is also used when the ramp is changed manually. If you also check the "Enable mouse wheel on step Table" option, the output values will change only by turning the mouse roller if the mouse pointer is on the "Step Values" table. By checking “Show Only Final Trip” option, the trip time is displayed by binary inputs of the last step. In “Time Out” field, the injection time of “State” is specified which is by default in set on “999” seconds in “Quick” mode. In “Quick” mode, the ramp is created either automatically or manually. After running the test if the “Manual” option is selected, the ramp is created manually and by clicking on “˄” and “˅” it is possible to create increasing or decreasing ramp. If during the test “Auto” option is selected, ramp is created automatically. In "∆t" field the time of each step is specified. By selecting “Up”, the ramp increases automatically and by selecting “Down” it decreases automatically. In “Enable Reset” field, it is possible to specify the reset time of signal value in a way that after checking this option during the test, the signal value is “Reset” for the specified period of time which is determined in “Reset” in “Reset Values” table. In this “State Type” it is possible to add information and results of the test to the output report by clicking on “Add to report” option. After clicking on this option, by opening the “State and Comment of Report” page, the settings related to the output report are adjusted. In the “Title” field, a title is entered for the output report and in “Show in Report” section from the “Quick” tree diagram, it is specified that what information are to be included in the output report. In “Comment” section, it is possible to add an additional comment or explanation for the report. In “Custom Image” section, you can add an image to the report. In this report, it is the user who determines whether the test was successful or not by clicking on “Passed” option for success and “Failed” option for failure of the test. Then, the result is included in the report which can be viewed in the “Report View” window. By clicking on “Edit.Delete.Report” option, the “Delete from Report” window opens where it is possible to edit or delete the added reports. It is done by selecting the intended report and clicking on “Edit Selected Report” to edit the report and then clicking on “Passed” or “Fail”. It is, also, possible to delete a report by clicking on “Delete Selected Report”. In the row of every report there are columns like “Trip Time”, “Detail View”, etc. which are added to the report if “True” is selected as their value but “False” is selected, they are removed from the output report. By clicking on “Swap” at the top of the page, “Quick Setting” and “Ramp Termination” sections are swapped. This is done, according to the user's need, to show the "Ramp Termination" section. In “Ramp Termination” section, the conditions for terminating the “Ramp” are specified. The difference between this section and “State Termination” is that here the signal injection is continued and only step change of signals is terminated but in “State Termination” after the condition is met, the “State” is terminated. The termination conditions of “Ramp” are just like “Trigger Setting” which has been described in previous videos. By selecting “Reset Value”, it is possible to adjust the “Reset” value for voltage and current signals in “Reset Values” table so if “Apply Reset” is selected during the test, the values of voltage and current signals change to the specified “Reset” values. This feature is useful in tests like “Minimum Voltage to Operate Circuit breaker. By clicking on “Apply Zero”, the values of voltage and current signals are changed to zero. By clicking on “Hold Value”, the values of voltage and current signals remain as they are and do not change. The information related to "Trigger Setting" has been described in previous videos. By selecting "Offset Value", it is possible to give an offset to the signal in the "Offset Value" table. For example it is possible to give a value of "DC=10" volts to "VLE-1" signal or even give a value of decaying "DC" to the initial voltage. It is also possible to add a harmonic offset to the initial signal by changing the frequency. After repeating the test, all changes made along with their time are displayed in “Changes” section. “Disable Relay” section has been described in previous videos. STEP RAMP TYPE To better explain this “State Type”, other than “Detail View” window, “Signal View” window is maximized too so you can view the outputs. In the “Signal View” window, the signal view type is set on “RMS” mode, “Digital” signals are disabled and, to have a better view of the signals, the signals are turned “Bold”. / / / In this “State Type”, it is possible to set the voltage and current outputs of the device to increasing or decreasing “Ramp. This “State Type” is used when the user wishes to get a threshold for a parameter. It should be mentioned that it is possible to apply this “Ramp” to amplitude, phase and frequency or a combination of these options for voltage and current signals. / It should be noted that, to better understand the concept of “Step Ramp”, only “General: Direct” mode is explained. Creating a “Ramp” output requires three values: start value, step value and final value. / “Start Values” table In this section, the start value of “Ramp” is specified and it indicates that from what point the “Ramp” should start. These values can be specified for the three parameters of amplitude, phase and frequency separately. For example, values of voltage in this section are set at 5, 10 and 15 volts. “Binary Output”, “Binary Input” and “Other Setting” sections are explained in previous videos and will not be mentioned here. / “Step Values” section In “Step Values” section, the value for every “Step” is specified. These values can be specified for the three parameters of amplitude, phase and frequency separately. For example, the value of “Step” for voltage is set at 1, 2 and 2 volts. / “Final Values” section In this section, the final value of the ramp signal is specified which indicates that at what point should the ramp finish. These values can be specified for the three parameters of amplitude, phase and frequency separately. The final value of voltage in this section is 20, 25 and 30 volts. / You can see that the signal of all three voltage phases has reached from the start value to the final value, according to the specified steps, in form of a “Ramp”. In the “Time Setting” box in “Step Ramp Setting” section, the time of each step is specified. This value is 500 milliseconds by default. By checking the “Enable Reset” option, it is possible to allow the signals to “Reset” after a specific time period. In “Reset Time” section, the time of each “Reset” step is specified which is added to the “State” time. To set the value and its parameter you should go to the bottom of the page in “Reset Values” section. This section and “Disable Relay” section has already been described in previous videos. / There are two options in the “Ramp Type” section where the first option, which is “Step Values”, is active by default. By selecting this option, the settings are as described before. As you can see, for example in L1 phase, each “Step” is increased by 1 volt every 500 milliseconds but by selecting “Rate Value per Second”, the number of steps specified in the “Step Values” table is determined as value per second. For example, L1 phase should increase by 1 volt every second. According to the specified “Step Time”, every second, there will be two 500millivolts step. / In “Ramp Description Errors” section, steps of the “Ramp”, the total time of the “State” and the errors are described. By using the “Simple Mode” option, it is possible to specify the value of steps of the “Ramp” and the final value of the “Ramp” more easily. By checking the “Simple Mode” option, the settings of “Step Values” and “Final Values” table are disabled and a new section including voltage and current sections are opened. In these sections, first, the parameter is selected from the slider bar. This slider bar includes amplitude, phase and frequency options. After selecting the parameter, two options are displayed. In the “Step Value” and “Final Value” fields, the step value of the “Ramp” and the final value of the “Ramp” are specified respectively. The difference between this option and the previous state is that in this state all three phases change simultaneously. / / An important point in “Ramp” on frequency is that there will be signal jump. So, it is possible that while testing the frequency relays, an appropriate response is not received from the relay; while “Ramping” on a frequency, to keep the signal steady, it is necessary to check the “Continuous in Frequency Step”. By specifying 2Hz as the start value of frequency and 3Hz as the “Step Ramp” and 50Hz as the final value, there will be a frequency jump in the output signal. To view this frequency jump, first, the output signal must be set on “Inst”. As you can see, by checking “Continuous in Frequency Step”, this frequency jump disappears. CONTINUOUS RAMP TYPE This “State Type” is similar to “Step Ramp”. The only difference is that in “Step Ramp” the parameter changes step by step at user-defined time intervals but in “Continuous Ramp”, the parameters increase or decrease continuously with 400 microseconds time steps. / The parameters adjusted for “Continuous Ramp” include start value, final value and total time and the start values are specified in “Start Values” table. Here, the values for voltage signals are 5, 10 and 15 volts. “Binary Output”, “Binary Input” and “Other Setting” sections have been described before and we can skip them. In “Final Values” table the final value of the parameters is specified. Here, the values for voltage signals are 20, 25 and 30 volts. / / In “Total Time” field in the “Continuous Ramp Setting” section the total time of the “State” is specified which is linked with the “Timeout” time in “State Termination” in “Trigger” setting. “Trigger”, “Offset Value”, “Error/Trigger Overcurrent” and “Disable Relay” sections have been described in previous videos and more descriptions should not be necessary here. / Another important matter about “Ramp” is that, in addition to put ramp on voltage and current, in “Step Ramp” the user can put ramp on impedance by changing the “Set Mode”. Since the hardware is only capable of recognizing voltage and current and cannot recognize the impedance parameter, and because there are so many impedance parameters, it is not possible to send these parameters to the hardware in every “Step”. So, in “Step Ramp” firstly all values of impedance steps are sent to the software and then measured voltage and current sent to the hardware as an array every time “Step” in “Continuous Ramp” is 400 microseconds, the amount of calculations and arrays is greatly increased and it is not possible for the results of the calculations and created arrays to be sent to the hardware. So, this “State Type” is always carried out in “General: Direct” mode. / / HARMONIC STATE In order to better explain this "State Type", in addition to magnifying "Detail View" window, the "Signal View" window is also magnified to observe outputs. As you are aware, based on the Fourier series expansion, a periodic signal can be expressed in terms of the sum of several sinusoidal waves with various coefficients and frequencies. In "Harmonic" State Type, the user can inject voltage signals and harmonic current by"AMT105" device. To this purpose, in "Detail View" window, "Analog Out" tab and "State Type" part, the "Harmonic" State Type is selected from dropdown field. As can be observed, in this"State Type", the user can create and inject a signal with two desired harmonics. To this purpose, first the signal data or main harmonic should be entered in "Analog Output Channels" and the other two desired harmonics in "Free-Order Harmonic #1" and "Free-Order Harmonic #2". / / / / “Analog Output Channels” Table As aforementioned, the main harmonic data are entered in this table. These data include the amplitude, phase, and frequency of each signal. It is noteworthy that the harmonic voltage and current signals can be simultaneously injected by device. For example, the data of three balanced voltage signals with an amplitude of "50" V and a frequency of "50" Hz, and three balanced current signals with an amplitude of "500" milliampere mA and a frequency of "50" Hz are entered. Other parts of this section have been explained in previous films. / Analog Output Channels Table The data related to the desired "nth" harmonic signal are entered in this table. These data include amplitude, phase, and frequency, which are entered for voltage and current signals. It is noteworthy that the maximum allowed value for frequency is "1500" Hz. For example, the third harmonic data are entered in the table, including three voltage signals with an amplitude of "10" V and a frequency of "150" Hz and three current signals with an amplitude of "300" mA and a frequency of "150" Hz. After data were entered, the waveform corresponding to this signal containing the main and third harmonics is shown in "Signal View" window. During the test, the output waveform and the actual value of harmonic injected by the device can be observed in "Signal View". / / Free-Order Harmonic #1 Table The data related to the desired nth harmonic signal are entered in this table. These data include amplitude, phase, and frequency that are entered for voltage and current signals. It should be noted that the maximum allowed value for frequency is "1500" Hz. For example, the fifth harmonic data are entered into the table, including three voltage signals with an amplitude of "5" V and a frequency of "250" Hz and three current signals with an amplitude of "200" mA and a frequency of "250" Hz. After data was entered, the waveform corresponding to this signal containing the main third and fifth harmonics is shown in "Signal View" window. During the test, the harmonic signal injected by the device can be observed in "Signal View". Please note that a decaying DC offset value can be used in this table instead of harmonic signal. / / THE “TRANSIENT” STATE TYPE: As mentioned before, one of the features of Vebko device and software is relay testing in transient state. To easily access the windows needed for this “State Type”, a “Layout” named “Default Layout for Transient” is designed specifically for this state which is located in the “Windows” menu. This layout includes “Detail View”, “Signal View”, “Measurement View”, “Vector View” and “Impedance View” windows. Here, to have a better view of the “Detail View” window, all other windows is closed. When a fault occurs, the relay saves the fault information and moments before the fault as a “Comtrade” file and provides the user with this file. By using this information it is possible to view impedance or differential trajectory or by injecting the same transient signal, simulate the fault moment and test the relay performance again. / / Other than “Comtrade” file with “cfg” extension, there is another file with “dat” extension. These two files have the same name and for the “comtrade” file to be loaded in the software, both files must be together. In “Transient Setting” section, the settings related to “comtrade” file are adjusted. By selecting “Import Comtrade”, the “comtrade” file exported from the relay is imported and loaded. Moreover, a list including several “comtrade” files is located in the software. By selecting “Import Comtrade from List” option this list opens and a file can be selected and loaded. After loading a transient file, the data related to that file is loaded in the table of this section. In “Signal” column, name of the output of the device is specified. To change the outputs of this section, “Analog Out” tab in the “Hardware Configuration” page can be used. In “Channel” column, current or voltage signals allocated to output of the device are displayed. By opening the drop down field, it is possible to change the allocated signal. / / In “Scale” column, the user can determine a specific percentage of the Transient signal amplitude for injection. In “Min” and “Max” columns, positive and negative amplitudes of signals of “Comtrade” file are specified. In “Pirm.factor” and “sec.factor” columns, the conversion ratio of “VT”s and “CT”s is specified in relation to the “Comtrade” file and it is possible that values of these coefficients are not the some in some files. In that case, the user needs to edit them. For example, here “Prim.factor” is set at 1 kilovolt and by right-clicking on this column and selecting “Apply to all Voltage”, this value is set for other voltages as well. / In “PS” column, it is specified that the information of “Comtrade” is primary or secondary side. If it is “Primary”, in “Min” and “Max” columns the secondary values are placed in “Prim.factor” and “Sec.factor” in accordance with the given conversion ratio. If “Secondary” is selected, in “Min” and “Max” columns, the original values of the file are placed. To calculate the “RMS” value of the signals of “Comtrade” file and displaying it in “Signal View”, first, “Calculate RMS, Phase and Other” option should be checked and then in “Setting” tab, in “Show Type” box, the “RMS” radio button is checked. After seeing signal's "RMS" value, "show type" is get back to the instantaneous state. / / By checking “Select All Channel” in “Channel” column, it is possible to select all voltage and current signals existent in the “Comtrade” file for outputs of the device while if this option is unchecked, in the list of every output, it is possible to only select signals from the same type of output. For example, in “VL1-E” output, only voltage signals of the “Comtrade” file are visible. The reason for the existence of this option is that in some transient files, the unit of signals is not given in volt and ampere and the software is not able to differentiate between current and voltage and allocate it to the output of the device. So, it is necessary for the user to manually introduce the voltage and current signals to outputs of the device. / / If the user wishes to view the waveform of all voltage, current and digital signals existent in the “Comtrade” file in “Signal View”, he should select “Current State” from the toolbar. Then from the “Setting” tab in “Signal View”, he should select the signals that he wishes to view. But in “All State” state, it is only possible to view the waveform of the outputs of the device in each “State” and not the waveform of all signals in “Single View”. To better analyze the transient signals in “Vector View” window, it is possible to open up to 5 “Vector Views” and, view the vector of different signals in different times. Complementary description about “Vector View” window will be provided in the videos related to this window. / / / / If the current and voltage values allocated to the output of the device which are specified in “Max” and “Min” columns exceed the allowed injection amount of the device, an error message is recorded in the “Errors” section. By selecting the “Limit Voltage and Current of Transient File to Setting”, the amplitude of these signals is limited to the injectable amount by the device. The difference between this option and “Scale” is that by selecting this option, a part of the signal amplitude which is exceeding the allowed amount is cut but in “Scale”, only a coefficient is multiplied by signal amplitude and no part of the signal is cut. The name of the “Comtrade” file is written in “File Name” section. / By right-clicking on “Prim. Factor” column or “Sec. Factor” and selecting “Fill Primary Secondary from Device” option, the “Prim. Factor” and “Sec.factor” values are entered in the “Test Object” page from “Device” block and if “Fill Primary Secondary from Comtrade File” is selected, the values of this column are entered from the “Comtrade” file. In “Sampling Rate” section, the information related to sampling frequency of the device and “Comtrade” file is specified. In “Original” field, the original value of the signal sampling frequency, in “Used” field, the value of used sampling frequency to be displayed in “Signal View” window and in “Frequency” section, the test signal frequency is specified. / / / If the user wishes to apply a part of the transient waveform to the device, he can use the “Trim Time” section where its start time is specified in “Start Time” section and the end time is specified in “End Time” section. In this section, when the “Comtrade” file is loaded, the time value is extracted from the “Comtrade” file. To inject a part of the transient signal by device, first, the “Current State” option should be selected. Then, by activating “Cursor1” and “Cursor2” in “Setting” of the “Signal View” window, the beginning and end of the signal is specified. Finally by clicking on “Apply from trackbars” option, the values of “Cursors” are entered automatically. Also by selecting “Reset Time” option, these times reset. / / / / THE “TRANSIENT” STATE OBSERVING THE IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORY One of the applications of “State Type” Transient” is that the impedance and differential trajectories of distance and differential relays could be observed. The meaning of trajectory is the route of the change of differential or impedance characteristic of differential and distance relays in their characteristic curves based on the injected waves to the relay. For this purpose, at first, from the “window” menu, the “Default Layout for Transient” option will be selected so the arrangement of the windows would change. In this arrangement, the “Detail View”, “Signal View”, “Vector View” and “Impedance View” windows are positioned that is used for observing the trajectory. / / In the following, the “Detail View” window will be selected from the “State Type” drop down field of the “Transient” state. Then, the “current State” option will be selected from the toolbar on the upper part of the page. By doing this, the signals related to “State Type” in the “Signal View” and “Vector View” will be displayed after entering the “Comtrade” file. / / Entering the relay data For observing the differential or impedance trajectory, the data related to relay must be loaded in the software so the characteristic curve of the relay would be displayed in the “Impedance View”. In this video, the objective is to show the impedance trajectory of a distance relay. / To do so, the “Test Object” icon will be clicked so the “General Test Object” would be opened. On this page, by having “XRio” ad “Rio” files of the relay, the data of the relay would be entered in two ways. In this video, the data are loaded using the “Rio”. To do so, we will click on the “Import from File” option, the file of “Rio” of the distance relay will be selected and loaded, and the OK option will be clicked. After loading the relay data, the impedance characteristic relay will be displayed in the “Impedance View”. / / / Entering the “Comtrade” file After entering the relay information, the transient state file that is extracted from the relay should be loaded in the software. As you know, the “Comtrade” output is two files with the format of “CFG” and “DAT”. If these two files are not located in a folder, then, this file will not be loaded in the software. To do this, click on the “Import Comtrade” option and then the intended file will be selected and loaded. Note that if the “Rio” has the same name as the “Comtrade” file and is located in a folder, by loading the “Comtrade” file, the data of the “Rio” file will be loaded automatically. After loading the “Comtrade” file, the voltage and current signals will be displayed in “Signal View” and the information of voltage and the current signal will be displayed in the “Detail View” window. “Calculate RMS…” should be checked to the software calculates the RMS and phase of the voltage and current signals to trajectory display. After this, in the “Signal View” window, the “Setting” tab, the “cursor” option will be checked. After activating the “Cursor”, the impedance trajectory could be observed online in the “Impedance View” by moving the “Cursor 1” in the time axis of “signal View” window. Note that for the differential relays “Comtrade” files, six current phases and for distance relays “Comtrade” files, three current phases and three voltage phases should active. Also, you have to check that the assigned signals to each output to be exactly according to the state that exists in the real state and in case of difference, it should be manually modified. / / / / / / / The “Impedance View” window As mentioned in the “Impedance View” window, the impedance or differential characteristic curve of the relays is displayed. By opening this window, the impedance characteristic curve is displayed by default. This curve displays the line impedance in terms of “R” and “X”. In the “Impedance View”, select the “Differential” icon from the left-side icons for displaying the differential characteristic curve, so the differential characteristic curve of the differential relay would be displayed. This curve will be explained more in the differential trajectory video. / / In the “Impedance View” window, by clicking on the “Undo” or “Redo” icons, we can return to the previous or next changes that are done on the characteristic curve. The “Zoom Model” icon places the mouse cursor in the zoomed condition for magnifying a part of the characteristic curve. The “Optimize all” icon will show the characteristic curve shape as a complete curve. The “Zoom In” and “Zoom Out” icons are used for magnifying and zoom out the characteristic curve. Using the “Pan Mode” icon, the characteristic curve could be displaced. By clicking on the “Hide/ Show Toolbox” the existing icons in the “Toolbox” could become hidden and shown again. Using the “Fault Type” icon the fault display can be specified. By clicking on the “Export CSV” from the settings of the relay zones that are checked, a “CSV” format output could be saved. Please pay attention that one CSV file will be given for each zone. / / / / / / / / By clicking on the existing gear wheel in the below of this window, some options will be displayed for a better trajectory. By checking the “Between Orange, Green” option, the trajectory will be displayed as a line that its waves are between the orange and green colors in the “signal View”. As a result, the trajectory will be displayed between these two “cursors”. By checking the “all Points” option, the trajectory will be displayed in all the points and at all the times of the “Comtrade” file. In the “Circle.Ref” field, it will be specified that the trajectory will be simultaneously displayed by displacing which cursor on the “Signal View”. Here, by changing the “Cursor” to orange the trajectory changes could be observed. The “ZL1E”, “ZL2E”, “ZL3E”, “ZL1L2”, “ZL2L3” and “ZL3L1” options show the impedance trajectory in different faults. The display of the trajectory of that fault can be deleted from the characteristic curve by unchecking each of them. In the below of each of these options, the coordinates of the impedance point is displayed as the “R” and “X” as online by moving the “Cursor 1” in “Signal View”. / / For observing the amounts of voltage and current at each moment, in the “Vector View” window of the “Type” field, the “Orange” option should be checked that is related to orange-colored “Cursor”. Then, the voltage and current values and also the trajectory variations could be observed online by changing this “cursor”. / THE "TRANSIENT" STATE OBSERVING THE DIFFERENTIAL TRAJECTORY As already said, one of the functions of the "State Type: Transient" is to observe the impedance and differential trajectories of distance and differential relays. The route trajectory signifies the variation of differential or impedance characteristic curve in differential or distance relays based on the injected wave shapes. To this purpose, at first, from the "Default Layout for Transient" option is selected from the "Window" menu, so the arrangement of windows change proportionally to this test run. In this arrangement, the "Detail View", "Signal View", "Vector View" and "Impedance View" are located in a way to observe the trajectory. / / Subsequently, the "Transient" state is selected from the "Detail View" window from the "State Type" slider field. Remember for "Comtrade" files of the differential relay six current phases, three current phases and three voltage phases must be active for "Comtrade" files of distance relay. Also, examine if the assigned signal to each output matches exactly the real condition and in case of any differences you have to correct it manually. At first, six current phases are activated in the "Hardware Configuration" window and the voltage phases are deactivated. / / Simultaneous importing of the "Comtrade" file and relay information In this video, the objective is to import the relay information and "Comtrade" file simultaneously. This case happens when the "Comtrade" and "Rio" files of the relay have an identical name and saved in one folder. Then, click on the "Import Comtrade" option and the "Comtrade" file of the "7ut613" differential relay is selected. After that, the "Open Comtrade File" message is shown. This message signifies that a "Rio" file with the same name as the "Comtrade" file exists. By clicking on "YES", the "Rio" and "Comtrade" files of the relay are loaded simultaneously and in case of selecting "NO", the "Rio" file won't be loaded and the relay information should be loaded separately. In this video, after clicking on the "YES" option, the "Rio" and "Comtrade" files are loaded simultaneously. After loading the "Comtrade" file, the "Detail View" window should be checked to see if the assigned signals to the current outputs accommodate the real condition or not. In this table, the "3I0" signal is imported instead of the "IL1-M2" signal that is not correct. Therefore, in the "Channel" column, the IL1 1 slider field is right-clicked and the "IL1-M2" is selected. The "IL2-M2" and "IL3-M2" signals are assigned to fifth and sixth outputs, respectively. Then, from the toolbar on the top of the page, the “Current State" option is selected. By doing this, the signals related to "State Type" is displayed in the "Signal View" and "Vector View" after importing the "Comtrade" file. / / / / Subsequently, click on the "Differential" icon on the "Impedance View" window, so the characteristic curve of the differential relay is displayed. This curve is based on "I bias" and "I diff" that are bias current and differential current, respectively. Remember by selecting the "Differential" curve, proportionally, the name of the window is changed to "Differential Characteristic". After this, the "Cursor" option is checked in the "Setting" tab in the "Signal View" window. Do not forget to check “Calculate RMS…” option which displays the differential trajectory. After activating the "Cursor", by moving the "Cursor 1" over the time axis in the "Signal View" window, the differential trajectory could be observed instantly in the "Differential Characteristic" window. By checking the "All Point" option, the differential trajectory is displayed in all the time of the "Comtrade" file. Other options of the "Differential Characteristic" window are similar to the "Impedance View" window that has been explained in previous educational videos. / “TRACKING” STATE In "State Type: Tracking", power swing test or "power swing blocking" of distance relays is done. Power swing protection or "power swing blocking" is performed at the level of power transmission network. In order to conduct "Power Swing Blocking" test, after selecting "State Type: Tracking", the "Impedance View" window should be opened to display the impedance characteristic of relay, because in vebko software, this test is conducted by impedance characteristic. / / / The power swing blocking test is usually conducted in three-phase fault and "Z-I const." mode. That is why in "Fault Type" field, the fault type has been selected to be "L1-L2-L3" by default. In "Z-I const." mode, the test current is constant and different voltages are generated to create fault impedance. "Analog Output Channels" table data have been created based on this "Set mode". The values of voltage and output current from these data are calculated by software and displayed in "Table View" and adjusted by the device. It should be noted that in "State Type: Tracking" state, the "Ananlog Output Channel" table is "Read Only" and no value can be changed to the table. / Entering Relay Data At the beginning of this test, data related to distance relay should be entered into the software so that their impedance characteristic can be displayed in "Impedance View". To this purpose, click on "Test Object"; by selecting "Import from list" icon, "XRio Converter" file for distance relay "P441" is loaded. / / / Then in "File" menu, select "Load Relay Setting" option, and in the opened window of "XRio" file, select distance relay "P441". By unchecking the options in "Matching Algorithm" part, which was previously described, "XRio" file is loaded. Upon clicking on the "OK" option, the relay impedance characteristic is displayed in the "Impedance View" window. / / Impedance View Window The power swing blocking test is conducted based on the impedance characteristic. In this test, the impedance observed by the relay enters the tripping zone from a zone out of the characteristic curve No Tripping Zone and exits rapidly; in this case, the relay must "block" its trip. There is a table next to the impedance characteristic curve in "Impedance View". This table can be used to enter power swing blocking test data. / In order to conduct this test, one point outside the characteristic curve, one point inside the characteristic curve, and again one point outside the characteristic curve should be added. After the points are added in the characteristic curve, it is observed that a row has been added to the right table per point. In the "Num.Step" column of this table, the number of points are entered between the previous point and the selected point and depicted in the impedance characteristic curve. / / In "t nom" column, the total time of voltage and current injection corresponding to these are entered. In"I test" column, the injection current of these points are determined. Considering that the injection is in the form of constant current, the current of all points is constant. The real and imaginary values of the selected point have been entered in "R" and "X" columns, respectively. . Once the table data of this test are completed, this test is ready to be executed and upon clicking "Start" option, the test is conducted. / / / "SET MODE AND FAULT TYPE" : PART 1 Using options in "Set Mode" field in "Set Mode and Fault Type" part, the user can introduce certain parameters to software to test in "Analog Output Channels" table and produce the device voltage and the current corresponding to them. The output values of device can be observed in "Table View" window. / Considering test conditions, the "State Types" of "Continuous Ramp" and "Harmonic" are performed only in "General: Direct" mode. Additionally, considering "Power Swing" test conditions, " State Type :Tracking" is performed in "Distance: Z-I const" mode. Note that since in "Transient Type", the values and type of data are extracted from "Comtrade" file, "Set Mode and Fault Type" part does not exist. / / / / The "Set Mode" filed can be put on different modes in the "State Types" of "Step Ramp", "Quick", and "Normal"; in this film we refer to "General" modes. "Analog Output Channels" table in "General" modes has "Signal", "Amplitude", "Phase", and "Frequency" columns. / "General: Direct" Mode: In this mode, values of voltage signals and the output current of the device are directly determined by adjusting the phase values of voltage signals and the values of current signal lines in "Analog Output Channels" table. In this mode, the frequency value can be determined in "Analog Output Channels" table, but in other modes, the frequency value is obtained from"Test Object". As it can be observed, values of "Analog Output Channels" table have been directly entered in "Table View" window. "General: Line-Line " Mode: In this mode, the output signals values of the device are determined by adjusting the line to line values of voltage and current signals, as well as the value of zero sequence voltage in "Analog Output Channels" table. As it can be observed, the current values in "Analog Output Channels" table have been directly entered into "Table View" window. By changing the zero sequence voltage to 5V, the voltage value of each phase changes to 6 V in the first phase and 4.583 V in other phases based on the defined relations. / "General: Symmetrical Components" Mode In this mode, by adjusting the value of voltage and positive, negative, and zero sequence current in "Analog Output Channels" table, the values of device voltage and current signals corresponding to them are determined. In order to observe these changes, the negative sequence value changes to 5. According to mathematical relations, the value of the first phase and the other two phases was calculated to be 11 V and 4 V, respectively. In addition, by changing the negative sequence current to 2 Amperes, the output values of current changes to 2.391, 3.973, and 1.581 Amperes, respectively. / / / "General: Powers": Mode In this mode, the values of device voltage and output current signals are determined by adjusting the phase value of voltage signals, apparent power, active power, and reactive power in "Analog Output Channels" table. The fourth to sixth rows of apparent power are related to each phase and the seventh row is the apparent row of three phases whose magnitude is determined in "Amplitude" column and their angle is determined in "Phase" column. Moreover, the eights to tenth rows are related to the active and reactive power of each phase, and the eleventh row is related to the active and reactive power of three phases. The active power value is determined in "Amplitude" column and reactive power value is determined in "Phase" column. / As it can be observed, the voltage values in"Analog Output Channels" table are directly entered into "Table View" window and by changing the value of apparent power of three phases to 50 volt-ampere VA in" Analog Output Channels" table, the current values in the output change to 1.515 A in the first phase and 4.167 A in the other two phases. "General: Fault Values" Mode: In this mode, first the fault type is selected from the slider bar of "Fault Type" field, then in "Analog Output Channels" table, the value of fault voltage, fault current, and their angle are entered and the values of device voltage signals and output current corresponding to them can be seen in "Table View" window. As single phase to ground fault is selected here, the values of device voltage and output current in that phase are considered to be equal to the value of fault voltage and current in"Analog Output Channels" table. / "SET MODE AND FAULT TYPE": PART 2 As mentioned before, using options in "Set Mode" field in "Set Mode and Fault Type" part, the user can introduce certain parameters into software to test in "Analog Output Channels" table and produce the device voltage and the current corresponding to them. / "Distance: Z-I const" mode is used for impedance and distance functions, in this mode, the user enters fault impedance and test current, and the device injects the corresponding current and voltages to it. If user determines the fault impedance in terms of magnitude and angle, the software calculates "R" and "X" values and displays them in the second row. For example, the impedance value of 1 ohm Ω has been entered with a 45º angle, and the "R" and "X" values are shown in the second row. If the fault impedance is also adjusted in terms of "R" and "X", the software calculates the impedance and angle and shows it in the first row. For example, the value of "R" and "X" has been adjusted to be 100 milliohm mΩ and 50 mΩ, respectively, and the values of impedance and fault angle are shown in the first row. In this case, the test current of 2 A is entered for dual phase fault "L1-L2" and the software calculates the voltage and test current values using mathematical relations and shows them in "Table view". In "Distance: Z-V const" mode, by keeping voltage constant and adjusting it by user, and by adjusting the fault impedance value, the test current value is calculated using mathematical relations and displayed in "Table View". Additionally, in"Distance: Z-Zs const" mode, the value of fault impedance and "SIR" parameter value, which is the ratio of source impedance to fault impedance, are adjusted and the values of current and test voltage are calculated using mathematical relations and are displayed in "Table View". / / / Now if user wants to consider the fault impedance in terms of a percentage of a parameter, he can use three modes: "Distance: Z%-I const"، "Distance: Z%-V const", and"Distance: Z%-Zs const. " in the "% of" part, it has been determined that fault impedance should be selected as a percentage of line impedance. In the "Z%" part, it is determined that what percentage of the selected value the fault impedance should be, and in "phiZ" part, the impedance angle is adjusted. / In "Distance: Z%-I const" mode, the fault current is constant and the software calculates its corresponding voltage and current based on the fault type and impedance. In addition, the value of fault voltage is constant in "Distance: Z%-V const", and when the user adjusts it, the test current values are calculated by software. Additionally, by adjusting "SIR" parameter in "Distance: Z%-V const" mode, the value of current and test voltage is calculated in software. It should be noted that the current and test voltage values are also calculated using the above mentioned formulas with the difference that the impedance value is selected to be a percentage of the line impedance. For example, in "Distance: Z%-Zs const" mode, the impedance test point is selected to be 80% of the line impedance with a 40° angle and "SIR" value is adjusted to be 10. Now the values of voltage and test current are calculated using the above mentioned mathematical relations and displayed in "Table View". / If user wants to conduct "OverCurrent" test in this room, he should adjust "Set Mode" on "Overcurrent: ITest" and adjust current, current angle, and voltage for directional functions in "Analog Output Channels" table. In "Table View" page, the values of voltage and test current are calculated based on the selected "Fault Type". For example, for two phase fault "L1-L2", the test current of 1 A with a 40° angle and voltage of 5 V was adjusted and the values of current and test voltage can be observed in "Table View". / / Additionally, in order to test differential relays in this room, the user should open "Hardware Configuration" window and disable the voltage outputs and enable all 6 current phases. Then in "Detail View" window adjust the "Set Mode" on "Differential: IBias, Idiff". By adjusting "IDiff" and"IBias" values to be 0.5 and 7 times of the nominal current in "Analog Output Chnnels" table, the current of different phases is calculated for differential function and displayed in "Table View" window. Pay attention that these values are calculated based on the parameters adjusted in "Differential" block of "Test Object" page, and the user is required to enter the specifications of the protected equipment and tested relay. / / ADDITIONAL SETTINGS OF “DETAIL VIEW” “Continue Last State Amplitude” Option: This option appears in the “States” after “State Type: Step Ramp” in “Detail View” window. By checking this option, the current or voltage value of the current State is injected from where the previous “State” is finished. This option is used to measure the relay trip time or “Pickup Drop off” test in relays. For example, in “Pickup Drop off” test an increasing “Step Ramp State” is created where three-phases 2amps to 4amps current increases with 0.2amp steps and “Trigger” condition for reception of “Pickup” signal is specified. Note that “Binary Input 2” is specified for “Pickup” signal reception. / / / The second “State” is a decreasing “Step Ramp” where three-phases 4amps to 2amps current decreases with 0.2amp steps and “Trigger” condition of “Dropping” the relay 1-0 is specified. After performing the test, you can see that after receiving the “Pickup” contact, the second “State” starts decreasing from 4amps until the relay “Drops”. But if you check the “Continue Last State Amplitude” option in “State2” and perform the test, after receiving the “Pickup” signal, the current in the second “State” starts decreasing from where the relay performed the “Pickup” and keeps doing so until the relay performs the “Drop”. / / / / “Disable Get Actual” Option If you check the “Show Actual Value” option in “Hardware Configuration” window, the “Disable Get Actual” option appears in “Detail View” window. By checking this option, the actual current or voltage value will not be displayed in that “State”. If there are two “States” and the injection time in a “State” is too long and you do not want to view the actual value, by checking the “Disable Get Actual” option in “Detail View” window, the actual value will not be displayed in that “State”. / / “Disable Relay” option In the back of every voltage or current output of the device there are relays which separate the “Amplifier” section of the inside of the device from the front panel. Before performing the test these relays must be connected and then the voltage or current is injected from the outputs of the device. In “Disable Relay” section in “Detail View” window, by checking any of the options available in the list, it is possible to disable the relay related to that output and then after performing the test you can see that the actual output value of the intended port equals zero. This option is used in tests such as magnetic flux division in transformer because by using this option, it is possible to create different modes of open circuit of coils for the test automatically. / To perform tests such as transformer wiring resistance test which needs a long time to charge the winding of the transformer, the current starts increasing from zero and during this time, because of the difference between the specified current and the actual current injected by the device, there is error Other. So to make the test practical it is necessary to disable the error “Other” so that the test can continue. Also, in this test, it is possible that huge voltage peaks occur momentarily; therefore to avoid stopping the test, the “Overvoltage” error of the binary needs to be disabled as well. The last option on this page is “Start Time Ref. From This State”. To better understand the function of this option, suppose that there are two “States” and the first one is “330” milliseconds while the second is “35” milliseconds. Normally, the first “State” is followed by the second “State” and the signal is continuous. In this example, if you zoom on the border of the two “States” in “Signal View”, you can view the continuity of the signal. In this case, the time reference to determine the phase of the signals is the first “State”. This is why even though in the second “State” the “Il1” current phase is zero, its signal does not begin from zero. Now, by checking “Start Time Ref. From This State” option, you can see that the time reference of the second “State” is changed and considered from the beginning of this “State”. "SIGNAL VIEW" WINDOW PART 1 / The "signal view" window is used in all test pages, including "AMT Sequencer", "AMT Distance", "AMT Differential", AMT Overcurrent", etc. In order to open this window, one can use the "view" menu, the "signal view" option, or the tool bar, "signal view" icon. The output voltage and current signals as well as the status of the device "binaries" are shown in this window. In "setting" tab, this window setting is performed. / / / Right clicks of "signal view" window In order to zoom in or out along horizontal axis, click on "zoom" option and use Zoom In + and Zoom Out -, respectively. Here, “Plus” is used to Zoom In +. In addition, you can also use the + and - keys on the keyboard or the Scroller. In order to zoom along vertical axis, hold down Ctrl and roll the mouse wheel. By doing this, you can zoom in on the voltage diagram of group "A" and along "y" axis. This can also be done by holding down the Ctrl key of the keyboard and using the + and - keys. Using "Optimize" option, the diagram display can be optimized. If the user intends to optimize the curves along horizontal axis, the "Optimize X-Axis" option or the X shortcut key of keyboard can be used. If one intends to optimize the curves along vertical axis, they should use the "Optimize Y-Axis" option, or the shortcut Y on the keyboard. If the "Optimize all" option is selected, the whole curve is displayed within the specified time, and the diagrams are optimized in terms of both "x" and "y" axes. In the "view" option, you can zoom in on the given diagram along "Y" axis, for example the voltage diagram of "A" group is set on"100". Additionally, some values have been written beside the coefficients of this list that are used to apply changes using the keyboard buttons. Here, for example, it is observed that this diagram is shown along "Y" axis twice magnified using voltage "A" group diagram and by pressing "2" on the keyboard. In "signals" option, the displayed signals are shown in the corresponding diagram. From this part, the user can hide the signal curve in the selected diagram by unchecking the desired signal. For example here the "V L1-E" signal is hidden in the diagram. Additionally, the user can also hide or show that signal in the diagram by holding down "shift" key on the keyboard by clicking on the desired signal name. For example, by holding down "shift" and clicking on the "VL1-E" signal name, this signal can be added to the diagram. The "bold" option is used to make the signals displayed on the diagram thicker, for example here by checking "V L2-E", it can be observed that its signal become "bold"; moreover, the line next to the signal name becomes "bold". By holding down "Ctrl" key and clicking on the desired signal name, it can be displayed in "bold" state or the user can leave this state. For example, by holding down the "Ctrl" and clicking on the "VL2-E"signal name, this signal leaves the bold state. Remember the options "View", "Signals", and "Bold" act differently for each diagram, for example, by right clicking on group "A" voltage diagram and adjusting the "view" on 200%, it is observed that the height of relevant voltage diagram increases by 200%, but the height of the current outputs of group "A" diagram remains unchanged. Additionally, by right clicking on the group "A" voltage diagram and by opening "signal" and "Bold" options, it can be seen that only group "A" voltage signals are shown. So if you want to use the "View", "Signals", and "Bold" capabilities for current outputs of "A" group, you should right click on the current diagram of group "A" and apply the required changes. In the "diagram" option, the list containing all signals exists and the given signal can be selected to be displayed in "signal view". Please consider that here the signals used in test and enabled from "Hardware Configuration" can be selected. The group "A" voltage outputs, group "A" current outputs, and the device binaries have been selected by default to be displayed in the "signal view". For further explanation, first go to "Hardware Configuration" to enable all voltage and current outputs of the device; now if the "Voltage all" option is selected, all voltage outputs of groups "A" and "B" are shown in a diagram. Moreover, if the "Current all" option is selected, all current outputs of groups "A" and "B" are shown in a diagram. If the user wants to have each of the voltage and current outputs in a separate diagram, that signal should be enabled here by checking it. For example the "IL1" and "IL2" signals are checked. It is observed that each of the "IL1" and "IL2" signals are displayed in separate diagrams. Additionally, if the user needs to display the current outputs of group "B" in a diagram, the "current Group B" should be selected from this part. Each signal can be added to or removed from this window in this way. If the user has made any changes in the way of displaying signal lines, hiding signal, adding or reducing signal, etc., by clicking on "Default View" option, all settings in this window will be restored to default and the applied changes are removed. “SIGNAL VIEW” WINDOW, PART 2 The following items “signal view” right clicks menu “Signal properties”: This item is used for setting the display and color of signals in “signal view”. When you click on it, “signal properties” page opens. Also, you can open this window by double clicking “signal view”. The display and color of analog signals can be set by “analog signals” tab. You can select the signal from “signal” frame. Here, “V L3-E” is selected as an example. The selected signal can be observed in the field “Name”. The selected signal cannot be changed. In “Line style”, the user can select a style for signal curve display. Solid is the default style. However, the user can change that in the existing dropdown menu. The line thickness is set by “line width” that has a maximum value of 15 point. By clicking “color”, you can select a color for signal line. “Marker type” is used for inserting a special geometric shape along the signal path; the geometric shape can be selected out of the shapes in the list. Here, “square” is selected for “V L3-E”. Before leaving this page, any change in the signals can be observed in “preview” field. In the field “space between markers”, the space between the selected “markers” on the signal line can be set based on “pixel”. For example, “10px” is selected on the space. On “preview” field, you can see some circles created on the signal curve; the space between these circles is “10px”. / / The display style and color of binary signals are set in the “binary signals” tab. The signal is selected from the “signal” menu, and the name is observed in the “name” field .Here, “Bin. Out 1” is selected. The signal color is selected from menu “color”. Here, orange is selected as the signal color. The changes in the signal can be observed in “preview”. By clicking “OK”, the settings are applied on the signals. Note that in order to retrieve the default settings of signal display, you can click “reset to default” in “signal properties” window. / You can open “selected signal lissasous” by clicking on it. In this window, the user can select two signals from the fields “horizontal axis” and “vertical axis” and display them terms of one another. For example, here the two signals “V L1-E” and “V L2-E” are selected and displayed in terms of one another after clicking “Zoom all”. In the left toolbar, there are some tools for making changes in the curve. These tools are respectively used for displaying and hiding the toolbar, selecting the pointer icon, undo and redo, zooming the curve, zoom all, zoom in, zoom out, and selection of pan mode for moving the curve. / Note that the user can press the mouse scroll and move “signal view” curves on the diagram. The window “go to time signal view” can be opened by “Ctrl + G” keys. If the user wants to observe the signal at a specific time, the considered time should be specified in the field “specific time”. Also, in order to determine the signal between two points, the user should specify the times in the fields “from” and “to” in “In range” section. For example, 0.5 second is inserted in “from” and 0.8 second is inserted in “to”. You will see that the signals of voltage group “A” are displayed in the specified range. / If the user has inserted several curves in “signal view” window, these curves can be observed by using the keys “up” and “down”. For instance, some curves are activated and can be seen by using the up and down keys. “SIGNAL VIEW” SETTING, PART 1 At the top bar of this tab, there is a list of enabled signals in the device inputs or outputs being enabled in “Hardware Configuration” window. each of these signals in “Signal View” window, it should be selected in this bar; Note that “Show Actual Value” should be set to see “Binary Input”. For example, “ voltage group B” is enabled in “Hardware Configuration” window. Then, by enabling “ Binary Input” “C3” on “Trip” signal and setting its “Show Actual Value”, these signals are added to the list of enabled signals in order to display in “Signal View” settings that the relevant signal can observed by selecting each one. / Since the voltage and current outputs of Group “A” are enabled in “Hardware Configuration” window, all voltage and current signals of Group “A” can be observed by selecting “Voltage GroupA” and “Current GroupA”.These options can be displayed in this way if “B” voltage and current groups are enabled; in addition we can also have a specific graph for each phase by selecting each one of the phases. “Voltage All” and “Current All” options represnet the voltage and current output signals of groups “A” and “B” in a graph. “Digital” option represents the status of receiving or not receiving “Binary Input” and “Binary Output” signals in a specific graph. Fot this purpose, set the “State” time to 5 seconds in “Detail View” and “Trigger” is set to 1 “C3” binary. After performing the test, this binary is short circaited and you can see that receving the signal is shown on “C3” binary in “Digital” graph. / In “General Setting”, the settings related to the display of signals is performed. In Radio Button, displaying the signal will be effectiove by selecting “RMS” in button radio, and the signal display will be instantaneous by selecting “Inst”. / Two options “Period Time” and “Num. Of Period” in this section for the “Actuals” being received from the device. “Period Time” is used for indicating the time of a period and the default value is set according to frequency, but you should change this manually by changing the frequency.”Num. Of Period” is used for calculating the “RMS” value based on the average number of several periods. As the number groes up, the longer it will take, while the accuracy increases and there will be less fluctuations. By selecting “Live Scroll”, you can easily observe the voltage or current signal changes at any moment of the injection and the instantaneous signal changes. In order to see this, a test will run on the zoomed signal and you can always observe the moment of injecting the signal. By selecting “Highlight Current State”, a part of the signal related to the current “State” is specified. In order to see this, if another State is added, a part of the signal related to the current State will be highlighted. “Show Time On Binary” displays the time related to disconencting or connecting the output and input binaries to “Digital” graph. For observing it, run the test , on which the time is shown by connecting and disconencting the “C3” binary. / In “Show Table”, the settings related to “Cursors” and “Data Table” are made. First, you should enable Cursor and Data Table by selecting them at the top of the table. In this table, up to three “Cursors” can be enabled in “Cursor” column and Data Table can be used for analyzing the signals. Remember to show the data in each “Cursor” in “Data Table” the related “Data Table” column should be checked. In addition, three other rows specific to the difference between “C1”, “C2” and “C3” cursors can be enabled or disabled in “Data Table” column. After enabling “Cursor” and “Data Table” at the top of the table, you will see a table and two “Trackbars” added to “Signal View” window.”Time” column represents the time when the “Cursor” is on it. In “Signal” column, a signal is dedicated to “Cursor”. “Value” column represents the signal value, “RMS” column represents the effective signal value, “ Phase “ column shows the signal angle and in “ Frequency “column, the test frequency is displayed. / In “Extra Setting”, “Cursor” attaches to the moment of receiviong the digital signal and increases the reading accuracy by “Snap” while “Cursor” is enabled and by approaching “Cursor” to the moment of recording the digital signal. In “Extra Options” and “Num. Of Points” field, the number of sampling points from the signal is specified and if you can reduce this value, you will see that displaying the signal will leave the full sinusoidal state. “Refresh All” refreshes all computational sections in “Signal View” window. “SIGNAL VIEW” SETTING, PART 2 The “Operation” part is used when the user decides to conduct a computational operation on the existing signals. At first, the number of the required “Operations” is entered and clicking on “Initiate” creates the “Operations”. Here the number 3 was entered. A separate section is opened for each “Operation” and the given “Operation” can be deleted by clicking on the red Cross mark in the corner of the box. / In the “Operation Mode” part, it is found that with what kind of signal the “Operation” is performed, analog or “Dry”! If “By Dry Value” is selected, the active “Binary Inputs” are shown in the table At first in “Hardware Configuration” page binaries “C3” & “C4” are enabled that by using this option you can see the binaries and determine a value for them, here value “5” is assigned for each of them.For each operation A “Calculated” option is added above “Setting” bar per “Operation”. By checking this option, the “Calculated” signal is displayed in “Signal View”. In this diagram, the values of the contacts that are connected are aggregated and displayed in the diagram; this is used to test capacitive banks. For example, you can observe that the values are added in staircase by receiving the contacts “C3” and “C4”. / In the “Number of Signal” part, the number of signals used in “Operation” shows that 2 or 4 signals can be selected. In the dropdown field related to “Singnal 1” and “Singnal 2”, the given signals are assigned to them, and by checking “Advanced” option, a section is opened in which the signal information, such as the signal unit, can be determined. Additionally, by entering a value in “Coef.” field, the given signal is affected by a factor, and in the “Name” field, a name can be determined for signal. In the “Operation”dropdown field, the user determines the type of mathematical operation to be performed between signals. In the “Advanced” part of this field, a name can be determined for this action. / After the “Operation” is specified, the “Add Time” part is added which can determine time intervals on the signal diagram. In order to make it clear, at first, the time state is set at 10 seconds in “detail view”, and the same intervals are determined on the signal by specifying a time of, for example, 2 seconds in “Auto Add Time” part. If the user intends to determine non-identical time intervals, by selecting “Add Time” a window with the same name is opened, and some rows are added by right-clicking upon it. The first column determines the “Operations” to be used for calculation of the values of this row. In “Time” column, the given time is selected. In “Value” column, the value of “Operation” in the given time is calculated. The “Slope” column is the gradient column. In “Sig1” and “Sig2” columns, the values of signals at the given time are determined. / / In the “Show Signals” part, all parameters corresponding to the voltage and current in test are determined. This part includes some columns and at the beginning of each, the name of the relevant parameter is written. Each column contains some options. By selecting each option, the name of its box is added at the top of the “Setting” tab, and then, by checking this option, the corresponding “RMS”valus is displayed in the “Signal View”. / When “Show Actual Value” option of “Binary Inputs” is set, two parts are added to “Setting” and “Signal View”, for example by checking “Binary-Input Target” option in the “Hardware Configuration” page and the “Binary/Analog Input” tab, all “Binary Inputs” are enabled. Then “Show Actual Value” option of one of them is set to “AC” or DC state and the “Show Actual Value” option of all enabled binaries is set at “AC” state upon right-clicking upon it and selecting “Set all Binary like this” option. You can observe that all “Binaries” have been added to the bar above “Setting”. By checking each of them, the corresponding signal can be seen in “Signal View”. In the “Select Graph For Actual Binary” part, you can select other signals in the proprietary graphs of each “Binary Inputs” whose “Show Actual Value” is enabled to be displayed. In addition to displaying their signals, the “Binary Inputs” are also shown in the graph. This way, a comparison can be made between the “Binary Input” signal and other signal. For example, here we determine that in addition to displaying trip signal, Start” and “VL1-E” signals are also shown in “C1” signal diagram. Additionally, the signal name can be changed. Then by selecting the name on the bar above “Setting”, the signals can be observed. / In “Binary Analog Transformer” part, the user can aggregate the signal with a constant value, multiply it by a factor, or apply a phase shift to it. The user may intend to introduce another parameter by applying these factors to the given parameter, for example, if the voltage signal is obtained by multiplying the current signal by 2 and aggregating it with value 3, the introduced parameter will be voltage parameter by selecting the “Voltage” option. / ”VECTOR VIEW” WINDOW, PART 1 To open this window, “Vector View” option from the “View” menu should be used and it is possible to open up to five “Vector Views” of simultaneously. By clicking on the right arrow of “Vector View” icon from the toolbar desired number of windows can be opened. Here, the first “Vector View” is opened. To better explain this window, first, we close “Detail View” and “Measurement” view windows. In summary, on this window it is possible to view current and voltage input and output values in different modes. / / / “Signal”, “Magnitude”, the first harmonic, phase, real value, imaginary values are displayed in “Signal”, “Magnitude”, “Harmonic 1”, “Phase”, “Real” and “Imaginary” columns respectively. Also, the arrow of signals can be made hidden in the “Show Arrow” column while the color of arrows can be selected from “Color” column. Moreover, to add the frequency column to this table, by right clicking in this area and selecting “Table” from “Show/Hide” option, the frequency column is added to display the frequency of signals. For example, “V L1-E” signal with a 63.51 volt range and a first harmonic value of 63.51, phase value of 0, frequency of 50, real value of 63.51 and imaginary value of 0 is depicted with a blue arrow. / Now, by changing the status of “Show Arrow” to “False”, you can see that the vector of this signal is made hidden in “Vector View”. To optimize the display of “Vector View” vectors, right click on this section and check “Optimize”. If you want to manually optimize the display of vectors, first you need to uncheck “Optimize” option and then optimize the display of vectors from the related fields at the corners of this page. / Also, if you want to add a signal to be displayed in “Vector View”, by right clicking on the vector section of this window, you should select or remove your intended mode to be displayed from the “Show” option. By default, only “Output Value” and “Actual” are selected and phase voltage and current values of the device are displayed. By unchecking “Output Value” and selecting “Line-Neutral”, you can see that in addition to phase voltage and current values, voltage and current values of neutral point are displayed in table and vector as well. / Also, if you want to display line-line values of output voltage of the device, you should select “Line-Line” from this list and check this option. Then you will see that the values of line-line voltage of the device are displayed in the above table and the vector display of them is displayed in the below vector. If you wish to see the symmetrical current and voltages, select “Symmetrical” option and by doing so you can see that the zero, negative and positive sequence values of voltage and current and their vector view are displayed in the below table. / By selecting any of the “Power Sv”, “Power Sa” and “Power Sc” options, the value of power is calculated in accordance with the current and voltage of the test as well as different calculation methods and then displayed in the related rows. For example, by selecting “Power Sv”, you can see that S1, S2 and S3 quantities are displayed in three rows. In “Magnitude”, “Phase”, “Real” and “Imaginary” columns, the apparent power value, angle, active power and reactive power are displayed respectively. Now, since here “Power Sv” is selected, the power value of “Sv” is displayed according to the formulas in the box and after being calculated according to vector method,it is displayed in “Sv” row. Also, in “PFv” section, the coefficient value of apparent power is displayed. / / Now, if the user selects “PowerSa”, the power value of “Sa” is calculated using the calculation method and according to the formulas in the box and then displayed in “Sa” field. In “PFa” field, the coefficient of power is first calculated using the same method and then displayed. / If “Power Sc” is selected, the value and coefficient of power are calculated using the algebraic method and the displayed formulas and then displayed in “Sc” and “PFc” rows. You should keep it in mind that S1, S2 and S3 quantities are the same in all three methods and displayed on the vector. Also, when the load is unbalanced, “Power Sc” method works better than the others and VƩ and IƩ parameters refer to algebraic sum of voltages and algebraic sum of currents respectively. Also, V and I parameters refer to current and voltage of the system which are calculated in a four-phase system using the displayed formulas. / “VECTOR VIEW” WINDOW, PART 2 Here we are going to introduce the other sections of the “Vector View” page. To view the values related to current and fault voltage, the “Set Mode” in “Detail View” window must be set on “Fault Values” or other types of faults available in this drop-down list. By selecting “Fault Value”, “VFault” and “IFault” rows are added to the table. It is possible to directly determine the value of these rows in “Vector View”. / The next option is “Fault Impedance” which is activated by selecting “Set Mode: Distance” in “Detail View” window. By selecting “Set Mode: Distance” in “Detail View” and “Fault Impedance” option in “Vector View”, a new row named “ZFault” is added to “Vector View” table. Note that when this row is added, it is no more possible to modify “VFault” and “IFault” and impedance fault is directly entered in “ZFault” row. “Angle for directional” option shows the angle between currents and line and neutral voltages which is suitable for analyzing directional over current tests. For this information to be displayed, it is necessary to set “Set Mode” on “Overcurrent: I Test” in “Detail View” window. The next option is “Differential”. “HW” in front of this option means that this option is disabled due to “Hardware Configuration”. To solve this, go to “Hardware Configuration” and activate all 6 current phases. / “Overcurrent: I test Vdir” option is used for showing the current, line voltage and the angle between these two. Note that to display these values in “Vector View”, “Set Mode: Overcurrent: I test” needs to be selected in “Detail View”. “Voltages” and “Currents” options show output voltages and currents of the device in terms of different parameters including symmetrical voltage and current, neutral etc. / “Powers” option shows the apparent power obtained from different methods. If you want to only view the “Residual” voltage and current in “Vector View”, you can use “Residual” option while to view the “Actual” values, “Actual” option is to be used. “Text of Circle” and “Text of Vector” options are used to view the angles of the circle with 90 degrees step by step and the name of each vector in the circle vector respectively. “VECTOR VIEW” WINDOW, PART 3 Next, we make an increasing “Ramp” “State”, from 10 to 60 volts with 2 volts paces and a 1 amp current. Then in “Signal View” window, “Data Table” and 1, 2, 3 cursors are activated and “V L1-E”, “V L2-E” and “V L3-E” signals are assigned to “Cursor 1”, “Cursor 2” and “Cursor 3” respectively. / There are 5 states in “Type” field. In “Normal” state, values are displayed in the table while performing the test. By selecting “Orange”, an orange “Cursor” appears at the top of the widow which is linked with “Cursor 1” in “Signal View” window and by moving this “Cursor”, the time is displayed in “Time” field. You can see that by moving this “Cursor” the signal values of all parameters are displayed in the table of “Vector View” window and as a vector in vector graph of this window. Because this “Cursor” is linked with the “Cursor1” from “Signal View” window and “VL1-E” is selected for “Cursor1” signal, instantaneous and effective values of “VL1-E” signal are displayed in “RMS” and “Value” rows in “Signal View” table respectively. / Now, if the user selects “Blue” from the “Types” available in this field, this “Cursor” turns blue and is linked with the blue cursor which is “Cursor 2” in “Signal View” window. By selecting “Green” as “Type”, this “Cursor” turns green and is linked with “Cursor 3” in “Signal View” table. So, it should be noted that in all three “Types” including “Orange”, “Blue” and “Green”, the values displayed in “Vector View” table are similar and only the “Cursor” link of this window changes along with the “Cursors” in “Signal View” window for viewing the instantaneous and “RMS” values of the intended signal. If “Time” is selected from the available “Types”, a field named “Time” appears at the top of the page and by entering the intended time, values of signals’ parameters are displayed in “Vector View” window and their vector is displayed at the bottom of this page. / In “Reference Signal” field, it is possible to select a signal as the reference in “Vector View” window. By default, this is set at “None”. This means that if the voltage of phase 1 has a 60 degrees angle and the other phases are symmetrical, no signal is considered as the reference and based on what determined in “Detail View”, “V L1-E” and “IL 1” begin with 60 and 0 degrees angles respectively and the other signals are displayed with a 120 degrees phase difference. Now, if “Reference Signal” is set at “VL1-E”, you can see that “VL1-E” signal begins with a 0 angle and the other signals are displayed in this window with a 120 degrees phase difference. Since there is a 60 degrees phase difference between current and voltage in “Table View”, currents are displayed here with a 60 degrees phase difference. Also, if displaying the line is activated in the window, by checking “Show VLL from zero” option, you can see that the vector view of them is displayed from zero in the vector graph of this window. / If you want to perform “Zoom In” or “Zoom Out” on “Vector View” window, after right-clicking on vector section of this window, first you need to uncheck “Optimize” option, then, “Zoom” option is activated and you can “Zoom In” or “Zoom Out” by using this option. Moreover, if you wish to change the color of this page, by using “Colors” option, you can change “Background”, “Foreground” and “Helper Line” colors. For example, here, we change the “Background” color to blue, “Foreground” color to black and “Helper line’ to green. To revert the settings to default, select “Default Colors” from this section. / “MEASUREMENT VIEW” WINDOW, PART1 In reletion the “sequencer” windows, the “Measurement View” window would be explained in this video. This window is used to evaluatthe test results and some criteria determineg for the “Pass” or “Fail” of the test. Note that evaluation can be performed before or after the test then the results rvaluated. To explain this section three “states” of “Prefault”, “Fault” and “Postfsult” are created in the “TableView” that the followed voltages are injected:” in “Prefault”, content voltage of 10 V for two seconds; in the “Fault” state, the voltage will increase from 10 V to 15 V as “continuous Ramp” in 10 seconds and in “Postfault” the 0 V for one second. / / “Time Assessment” tab The “Measurement View” window has some tabs that each one evaluates a special item. In the “Time Assessment” tab, an event time is evaluated in the test this event is received by a signal from “Trip” or “Pick Up” from a relay or logic with a combination of various conditions. In this tab, some rows is “added” and multiple time evaluations can be performed. In the “Name” column, a name, for example, “Trip Time” can be inserted for evaluation. Since it’s possible that a “Trip” signal can be recorded in different times, in the “Ignore before” and “Ignore after” a General range from the test “States” are selected so the time evaluation of these events are performed in this range. For example, by selecting the “State :Fault”, all the events before the “Fault” “state” would be ignored in the “Ignore before” column. In the same way, by selecting the “State” in the “Ignore after” column, all the events after the “Fault” “state” are ignored. In the “Start” column, the time reference and in the “Stop” column, the event that is meant to be evaluated is specified. Here, receiving the “start” signal are selected from binary 4 as the reference and receiving the “Trip” contact as the binary3 would be selected as the intended event for time evaluation. Note that, there exists an option named as “Logic” in the “Start” and “Stop” columns that by right-clicking on it and selecting the “View Custom Setting”, a logic with the combination of various conditions for evaluation start time reference and final conditions of evaluation time calculation would be specified. In the “TNom” column, the expected nominal time of “Start” and “Stop” enters and in the “TDev+” and “TDev-” columns, the positive and negative tolerances are entered that could be different from each other. / Here, to evaluate the test, a nominal time of three seconds, a positive tolerance of two seconds and a negative tolerance of one second are entered. After running the test and recording the results in the table, the real-time of the event is specified in the “TAct” column that is about 3.623 seconds and its deviation from the “TNom” is recorded as a percentage in the “TDev” column. In the “Assessment” column, the evaluation is performed that if the “Tact” time is in the defined range of Tnom-TDev- to Tnom+TDev+, the evaluation is “Passed” and if it is not in this range the evaluation is “Failed”. Here, because the 3.623 seconds are located in the range of 2 to 5 seconds, the test is passed. In the “user comment” column, you can enter your desired notes. / In the right-clicks of this section, by selecting the “Copy” option, the information of an evaluation row could be copied and by “Pasting” it, a new row with the information is created. By selecting the “Add” option, a blank row is added to the evaluation table. By selecting the “Insert before” and “Insert After” a blank row is added before and after the selected row and other time evaluations can be defined in these rows. The “Delete” will delete the selected row. / The last option in this section is the “Show/ Hide” option that is composed of two “Table” and “Report” options. There exists a list in the “Table” and “Report” sections that are exactly the same as the evaluation table columns. By unchecking each of them, that column would be deleted from the “Table” in the “Measurement View” or the “Report” section. “LEVEL ASSESSMENT” TAB One of the tool for evaluating the binary inputs that should be preserved during the test is “level assessment”. In “level assessment” tab, the binary situation of the device inputs can be assessed at the start of a “state”. An example is provided for this process. / First three “states” are created in the window “table view”. Then, the range of voltage signals are inserted as “30” v in “state1”. The value of “4” seconds is inserted in the “trigger” field. Then, the value of “10” v is inserted in “state2” and its time is set as “3” second. The value of “30” v is inserted in “state3” and its time is set as “4” seconds. / In the following, by clicking “hardware configuration” in the tab “analog out”, current signals become deactivated. The binary inputs 3 and 4 can be activated in the tab “binary/analog input” in “binary-input target”; then, they are assigned a name. Here, the type of binary inputs is set as “dry”. / Then in the window “measurement view”, click on the tab “level assessment”. In this tab by clicking “state name”, the names of the existing “states” are inserted in “table view”. This name is uneditable. Note that in this tab, you cannot add a line manually. In the “level assessment” tab, the right click tool is deactivated, and for every “state” in the window “table view”, a line has been created in this tab. So, the number of assessments in this section depends on the number of “states” existing in the “table view” window. س / The result of assessment is presented in the “assessment” column. The value of time tolerance for assessment of the zero or one level of the binary input is entered into the column “tolerance”. It can be simply stated that assessment of the level of each signal at the right and left sides of the starting point of each state depends on the value of time tolerance specified in this part. Suppose that the value of 30 ms is inserted as the tolerance of a binary input, the figure presents the schematic level assessment of the signal of this binary input. As it is obvious, level assessment at the two sides of state2 is done by a time tolerance of 30 ms in order to check the condition specified for this assessment; for example the level of the binary input should be equal to 1. As assumed, if the considered condition is that the level of Trip signal should be equal to 1 for state2, the result of assessment will be passed. / Specifying the binary levels In the “level assessment” tab, the number of binaries defined in “hardware configuration”, column is added with the same name. In this part, you can set the level one or zero regardless of the binary level condition that is X. In this film, the goal is the assessment of the level one of the binary 3 Trip in “state2”. Suppose that the level of binary 3 before and after the second “state” is equal to one for “40” ms and assessment result is pass. For this purpose, the value of “40” ms is inserted in “state2” in the field “tolerance”, and the level one is inserted in the field “Trip” binary 3. A comment about the assessment can be inserted in “user comment” that is also used in the output report. Then run the test. After the test, assessment is done and the result is presented in “assessment”. As seen in “signal view”, before and after the “state2”, binary one has been preserved for at least “40” ms. So, the result of assessment is “pass”. / “RAMP ASSESSMENT” TAB The “Ramp Assessment” tab is used for evaluating a signal in case special condition in the test. For example, if a relay picks up, the current amplitude is assessed and evaluated. Note that this evaluation is used only for the “States” of the “Ramp” type. For better explanation, three states are generated in such a way that the first state is adjusted as “Normal” with the voltage of 5 V for two seconds, the second “State” is adjusted as “Step Ramp” from 5 V to 20 V with 1 V steps and the third “State” is adjusted as “Step Ramp” from 30 V to 50 V with 2 V steps. In addition, in the first column a name, for example, Ramp will be entered for evaluation. / In the “Ramp State”, the intended “State” is selected from the “states” of the “Ramp”. Note that because this evaluation is only for the “Ramp” type “States”, the first “State” that is as “Normal” type is not shown in this field and from the states of two and three, the “State 2” will be selected for evaluation. In the “condition” column, a condition is specified for evaluation that here, the intended condition is specified as receiving the “Trip” signal from one binary. Also, in the “Signal” column, the intended parameter for evaluation is selected. For example, the “VL1-E” is selected. It means that the “VL1-E” voltage is evaluated when the trip signal is received. If you want to evaluate other signals simultaneously, you have to the right-click, select the “Add” option and create other columns and define another evaluation. Other existing options in the right-click section has been explained in previous videos. In the “Signal Type” column, you have to set the evaluation to be performed on what parameter of the selected signal. Here, the “Amplitude” is selected. In the “Nom” column, the intended value of the amplitude in the time of term happening is specified. For example, this value is set to be 40 V. in the “Dev+” and “Dev-“ columns, the positive and negative tolerances are entered in which can be different from each other. Here, to observe the performance of this section, the positive and negative tolerances of 2 V and 3 are, respectively. / By running the test, in the time of receiving the “trip 0-1” signal by third binary of the device, the actual value of amplitude of the “VL1-E” signal is shown in the “Act” column in which its deviation from the nominal value in the “Dev” column is about 42 In the “Assessment column, the evaluation result specifies that if the “Act” value is located in the allowable range i.e. Nom- Dev- to Nom+ Dev+, the assessment result will be “Passed”, otherwise it would be “Failed”. Here, because the value of 42 is in the range of 37 V to 42 V, this evaluation will be “Passed”. In the “T Act” column, the “Trip” signal receiving time is specified and recorded by the device that here, this time is about 3.39 seconds. Also, in the “T Act Final Step” column, the receiving time of the “Trip” signal is recorded from the last step of the “Ramp”, which here is about 399.2mili seconds. In addition, if you want to define a “comment” for your assessment, you can enter your intended comment in the “Use Comment” column. / “VALUE ASSESSMENT” TAB: In this tab, you can evaluate a parameter from the intended signal in a specified time first a “Step Ramp” with voltage from 55 V to 65 V with 1 v and 40msecond steps has been created. In the “Name” column, you can select a name, for example, “Voltage”, for assessment. you Also, have to select the “State” in the “Reference State” column, and the intended signal in the “Signal” column for assessment, which “State 1” and “VL3-E” will be selected, respectively. / In the “signal Type” column, you have to adjust which parameter should be evaluated. Here, this parameter will be selected as “Amplitude” so the amplitude of the “V L3-E” signal in the assessment time will be measured and evaluated. Now, the specified time for assessment should be entered in the “Time” column that here, 200 ms will be selected. In the “Nom” column, the expected value for the amplitude of the selected parameter is specified, which here, the expected value for the “V L3 E” phase voltage should be adjusted. For example, here, the voltage is set to be 60 V. in addition, in the “Dev+” and “Dev-” columns, the positive and negative tolerances are entered. Note that these tolerances can be different from each other. Therefore, the positive tolerance and negative tolerance are entered as 1 V and 0.5 V, respectively then "run" the test. / After completing the test, the actual value of the “V L3 E” signal amplitude is shown in the “Act” column. Also, its deviation from the expected value is specified in the “Dev” column in percentage, which here is zero percent. In addition, the assessment result will be specified in the “Assessment” section. If the “Act” value is in the allowable range of tolerance, i.e. Nom – Dev- to Nom + Dev+, the assessment result is passed. Otherwise, it is “failed”. You see that because the “Act” value is in the range of 60.5 V to 61 V, this assessment has been considered as “Passed”. In addition, if you want to define a “comment” for your assessment, you can enter your intended comment in the “Use Comment” column. / “CALCULATED ASSESSMENT” TAB In the “Calculated Assessment” tab of the “Measurement View” window, the mathematical operation can be performed between the assessments to create a new assessment and evaluate the test. It means that in this tab, a new parameter can be created in the specified mathematical operation that is performed for the “Actual” values of the assessments, and the parameter can be evaluated by the “Act” values that are selected from the “Ramp Assessment” and “Value Assessment” tabs. After specifying the name for the assessment, the intended mathematical operation in the “Calc” column will be selected. In the “X” and “Y” columns, one of the performed assessments will be selected in the “Ramp Assessment” and “Value Assessment”. Note that, the values that are positioned in the “X” and “Y” columns are in fact, the “Act” value of the performed assessments entered in these columns. For simpler separation of the evaluation names, the two letters of “V” and “R” that represent the “Value Assessment” and “Ramp assessment” are used. / In the “Nom” column, the expected nominal value and in the “Dev+” and “Dev-” the positive and negative tolerances will be entered. The true result of the selected mathematical operation in the “Calc” column will be shown in the “Act” column and its deviation from the expected value will be shown in the “Dev” column and in percent. In the “Assessment” column, the result of the created assessment will be specified. If the “Act” value is in the allowable range, the result of the assessment will be “Passed” with a green-colored sign. Otherwise, it will be “Failed” with a red-colored cross. In the “User Comment” column, you can enter your comment if you have any. In this test, in the “Ramp Assessment” tab, an assessment with the name of “Voltage” is performed for the “V L1-E” voltage that will be entered in the “X” column. In addition, in the “Value Assessment,” an evaluation with the name of “Current” is performed for the “IL1” that will be entered in the “Y” column. In the “Calc” column, the “X/Y” operation is selected. As you know, by dividing the voltage to current, resistance will be calculated. Therefore, the mane of this assessment is entered as “Resistance”. After specifying the “X” and “Y” columns values, the “Act” value is shown. In the “Nom” column, the nominal values are 15.7 and the “Dev+” and “Dev-” values are entered as 0.5. you can see that the “Act” is about 0.26 percent different from the nominal value specified by the user and the assessment is “Passed”. / "TRANSIENT ASSESSMENT" TAB The "Transient Assessment" section is used to assessing the "States" that are designed for testing the "Transient". In this section, a received contact by the device from the relay can be time-compared to the binary signal in the "Comtrade" file. A sample of the application of this "Assessment" is to compare the performance of the relay while applying the signals of transient file so the user would understand that whether or not the relay has a similar function while a fault occurs. / In the "Measurement View" window, the "Transient Assessment" tab, a name is inserted for assessment in the "Name" field so better feedback is obtained from the specified item. In the "Transient" field, the intended "State" is selected. Remember only the name "States" which are "Transient" type are displayed in this field. In the "signal" field, a binary signal is selected for comparison with the reference signal from the "Comtrade" signal. In this field, the list of all the binaries activated in the "Hardware Configuration" is displayed that one of them should be selected. In the "Reference Signal" field, the reference signal is selected from the "Comtrade" file. By clicking on this field, all the existing binary signals in the loaded "Comtrade" file are displayed. In the "T Dev. -" field, the negative time tolerance related to the digital signal edge is specified and imported in the "Comtrade" file. In the "T Dev. +" field, the positive time tolerance related to the digital signal edge is specified and imported in the "Comtrade" file. The result of the assessment after running the test will be displayed in the "Assessment" field. The green color means the test is "Passed" and the red color meant that the test is "Failed". In the "User Comment" field, a message can be written about the test, before and after the test which is used in the output report. By right-clicking on the "Transient Assessment" the tabs and options are displayed that are similar to right-clicking on the "Time Assessment" tab, which was comprehensively explained in the previous educational videos Time Assessment. The assessment in this tab is defined according to the comparison of the signal with the reference signal. For assessment, if both the signals are identical in the specified time period and have a similar status, then the assessment will be "Passed". Otherwise, the assessment is "Failed" showing that the relay didn’t have a similar performance while importing error and had another status. // To do this at first, some adjustments should be performed in some windows. In the following, an example of the test will be discussed. At first, the "Transient" state will be selected in the "Detail View" window and by clicking on the "Import Comtrade…" file, the transient state of the "Micom P441" relay is loaded. Then, by clicking on the "Current State" option from the toolbar, all the active and inactive binaries existing in the "Comtrade" file and the voltage and current signals are displayed. In the following, by checking the "Calculate RMS …", the software calculates the effective values and the phases of the signals. // Subsequently, from the "Detail View" window and "Binary out" tab, each of the existing signals in the "Comtrade" file that should be tested and assessed should be ascribed to a "Binary Output" and selected as the reference signal. In this video, two "ZONE1" and "ANY TRIP" signals are ascribed to "binary out" 1 and "Binary Out" 2, respectively and the reception of trip signal from the relay signal is compared to "ZONE1" signal to be assess. / In the "Hardware Configuration" window, "Binary / Analog Input" tab, binary 1 with the name of “Trip" is connected to the relay trip contact for comparison with the active reference signal. In the "Transient Assessment" tab, in the "Name" field a name for example "trip1" is inserted for assessment. The "State1" that is a transient state is selected in the "Transient State". In the "Reference Signal", the reference signal that is selected in the "Binary Output" is inserted ZONE1 and the "Trip" signal is selected in the "Signal" field for comparison. In the "T Dev. -" and "T Dev. +" time tolerance "3" is inserted. In order to observe the "Binary Input" status, the "All State" option are selected from the toolbar and the test is executed so the fault is applied to the relay. Finally, in the "Signal View" the relay has the same performance as the reference signal, which is defined as the "Binary Output1", and the assessment result is "Passed". / // RUNNING THE TEST After designing the test in each room, run the test. Here, the "Pick up", "Drop off" test is designed for the three-phase state in the "overcurrent" relay. In this test, the "CT"s turns ratio is set to be 1/1000 and the "Pick up" current of the relay is set to be 2 A. In addition, binary inputs 1 and 2 of the device are activated to receive the "Trip" and "Pick up" signals of the relay. To perform the "Pick up" test, a "State" with the name of "Pick up" and as increasing "Ramp" type is designed, in such a way that the three-phased current increases from 800 mA to 3 A each 500 ms with the 50 mA steps in the stepwise state. To end the "Pick up" test, in the "Trigger" tab, the binary condition of "C2:Start", "0-˃1" is adjusted. The intended "State" for the "Drop off" test is designed as a decreasing "Ramp" type from 3 A to 800 mA in such a way that it decreases 50 mA each 500 ms in the stepwise state. In this "State", the condition for the test end is adjusted to be "C2:Start", "1-˃0" so if the relay "Drops" the test would end. Remember that in the "Detail View" window from the state related to the "Drop off" test, you can check the "Continue Last State Amplitude" so immediately after the first state ends the current amplitude of the second state would start from the previous value in the first state as "Ramp" type until the relay drops. By doing this, the test duration decreases. // // / For this test, in the "Measurement View" window, several assessments are designed for analyzing the actual values of "pick up" and "Drop". In the first row, the actual value of the "Pick up" current related to the first phase is evaluated. To do this, in the "Ramp State", the " S1: Pick up" is selected, the intended condition for assessment is "C2: Start 0-˃1", the intended signal is "I L1", and the parameter type for assessing this signal is selected in the "Signal Type" as "Amplitude". Now, because the "Pick up" current is 2 A, two is inserted in the "Nom" column that the relay should pick up this current in ideal condition. In addition, the "Dev+" and "Dev-" columns the 100 mA tolerances are selected for assessment. The assessment of phase two and three picks up current is performed in the same way in the second and third-row only with this difference that in the "Signal" column related to these two assessments the "I L2" and "I L 3" signals are selected. / Also, in the fourth row, the actual "Drop" current of the phase one is assessed. For this reason, the "Ramp State" is adjusted on "S2: Drop off" and in the "Condition" column, the "C2: Start 1-˃0" condition, is selected for "I L1" signal. For this assessment, the intended parameter in the "Signal Type" has been selected as "Amplitude". Now, because the current amplitude of the relay "Drop" is 1.9 A, in the "Nom" column, the 1.9 A with 50 mA as positive and negative tolerances is adjusted. Remember that the current drop assessment in phases two and three are performed in the same way with this difference that in the "Signal" column, the "I L2 " and "I L3" phases are selected. To run the test, you have to click on the "Start" icon in the "Toolbar" section of the software. You can then see that at first, the first state that is designed for "Pick up" test is executed and after applying the trip signal and meeting the specified condition in the "Trigger" tab, the second state is executed and tested. Besides, you can use the "Test" menu or "F5" key on the keyboard to run the test. In order to apply the changes in the designed states and also re-run the test, you have to "Clear" the previous test results using the "Clear Test" icon in the "Toolbar". Now, by clicking on the red-colored cross icon you see that this test is "Cleared" and the icon related to "Start" is activated. Furthermore, using the "F4" on the keyboard the test can be "cleared". If you want some specified "States" to be executed from the designed "States" in the "Table View", you have to check them in the "Table View" window or by clicking on the right-side arrow of the "Start" icon, by selecting the "Start Selected State", run the selected "States". By selecting the "Start Unselected State" option the unselected "States" are executed. In addition, if you want to stop the test while its performing, you have to click on the "Stop Test" or press "F6". For example, by checking the second "State" by clicking on the right-side arrow of the "Start" icon, the "Start Selected State" is selected and you see that only the second "State" is executed. Now, by clicking on the "Stop Test" icon, this "State" end and the current injection is halted before meeting the specified conditions in the "Trigger" tab. / / START-CONDITION-REPETITION" WINDOW By clicking on the "View" menu and selecting the "Start-Condition-Repetition" option, or by clicking on its icon from the toolbar this window opens. In the "Start Condition" tab, the test conditions can be specified. If you want the test to be run immediately after clicking on the "Start" icon, you have to select the "Immediately" radio button. After selecting this option in Status bar, the St. Cond. is set on the "Immediately" and after running it the test stars immediately there is no delays exist between clicking on "Start" and "Run". Please remember that the software default is this option. / / If you want the test to be run after receiving the contact by one of the binaries, you have to select the "On Binary Input" option. By selecting this option, its right side option is selected that you have to select the intended binary in it to start the test. In this field, the activated binaries are shown in the "Hardware Configuration". For example, the "C2: Start" is selected, now in the statusbar, the "St. Cond." has been set on the BI.2-Start. After clicking on the "Start" icon, you see that because not receiving the contact by the "C2" binary, the test has not been executed, now by receiving the contact by this binary, the test runs. The third method to start and run a test is the use of a "GPS" antenna. By selecting the "On GPS", a test could run according to the "GPS" clock. One of the applications of this option is in the longitudinal differential or "End to End" tests. To run the test using this option, the socket of the "GPS" antenna should be connected to the rear part of the "AMT105" device and the antenna is located in open space. By clicking on the "Start Sync" option, the "sync" process of the device with the satellite begin and in the "GPS Status:" field shown in the figure the "GPS" status is shown. By "Syncing" of the device and software in the "GPS Status:" field, the "GPS is Sync" term is shown. In addition, in status bar, the St. Cond. is set on the GPS Sync. Also, in the status bar, GPS time error is displayed in the "Time Error" section. Please remember that this number should be less than 1000 ns. The tester time is displayed online in this toolbar. In the "Satellite Signal Level History" section, the number of satellites and the strength of each signal is shown. If the number of satellites and the signal strength is proper, the phrase "Detected" is displayed in the "Time Pulse" field and the device receives the "GPS" signals. Then, the device should be able to synchronize its time with the received signals from the "GPS". The date and time of the tester are specified in the "Date and Time Tester" section that this time should be identical with the time of the "GPS" in the "Data and Time GPS" field. / / / In the 32 bits windows, if the tester time is not the same as the time of your personal computer, you can use the Set Windows" "Time GPS Win X86 so the time of your computer become identical with the "GPS" time. Using the "Next Full" and "Start Time" options, how and when the test run are selected. Using the "Next Full", after selecting this option, you have to specify the time between the sequential tests for the "Shot test" from the drop down list. For example, if you have several test points in the differential test, by selecting the "10 Second", the GPS, by considering the injection time of the device, starts to count down in 10 s cycles and in case of existence of untested point, when the inverse counter reaches zero, the next point is tested. Using this option, the start time for the "End to End" tests might not be the same. To solve this problem, you have to start the test using the "Start Time". Remember this time is the time that the device adjusts with the "GPS". Remember in this method, only the first point is tested and the rest won’t. For these kinds of tests, the "Next Full" and "Start Time" should be simultaneously checked so the first point start with the "GPS" clock and the next points would run with the "Next Full" method. For example, if in the differential room and for "End to End" test you have got four test points and want to run the test at the same time with another point, you have to set the "Start Time" on a special time, for example, 17:47:30 and also, set the "Next Full" on 10 seconds. The first point is tested in the specified time and the next points are tested during the specified time period in the "Next Full". You also see that in the status bar, the test time of each point and the remaining time until the next intended test point will be displayed in the "Start" and "Left Time" sections, respectively. In the "Data" section, the data about the "GPS" time, test location, etc. are shown. In the "Data and Time GPS" field, the time and data received from "GPS" are displayed. In addition, after that the "Sync" ends, the tester time is recorded in the "Date and Time Tester" field. Remember this time should be identical with the time recorded in the "Date and Time GPS". Also, the geographical width and length of the test location are displayed in "Latitude" and "Longitude" fields, respectively and added to the test report to be used, the exact location of the test could be found on the map. In addition, in this section, in the "Altitude" section, the "GPS" amplitude with respect to the base level are displayed. In the "Fix Mode", "PDOP" and "HDOP" fields, various models of the location, location precision and altitude precision are displayed. In the satellite field, the number of satellites used for settings are displayed. If the device receives the sent pulses from the “GPS”, in the "Time Pulse" field the word "Detected" is displayed. But if these signals are not received, the word "Not Detected" is displayed. In addition, in the "Satellite Signal Level" window, the signals receiving level from the "GPS" are displayed and in the "Satellite Signal Level History", the number of satellites and the signal strength related to various satellites are displayed. "Repetition"Tab Since this tab is active only in the "AMT Sequencer" room and inactive in other rooms, at first, the "AMT Sequencer" room opens and the descriptions related to this section are presented in the "Start Condition-Repetition" window. This tab is active only in the "AMT Sequencer" room and is inactive in other rooms. This tab is used for repeating a test for the desired number of times. The number of test repetitions are inserted in the "Number of Repetition" field that the test can run for a maximum of 1000 times. For example, here, the number five is inserted so the test would be repeated five times. Also, if the user wants to make a delay between each test repetition, he can enter this time as a delay in the "Time between Repetitions". For example, here, the 1 second is inserted and the test "RUN". You see that the intended test runs five times and with the time intervals of 1 second. / “REPORT VIEW” WINDOW PART 1 After performing the test, the results of the test need to be saved in form of an output file through “Report View” window. To open “Report View” window, you need to click on “Report View” option from “View” menu or click on the icon of this window from the toolbar. On this window, the report is viewable in two forms of “HTML” and “PDF” and as default the report is displayed as “HTML”. / / / To view the report as a “PDF” file, you should click on “PDF” radio button. To export the output from this window you need to click on “Export Report” option or save the report as a “PDF” file on your computer by clicking on “Export Report” from “File” menu. Right-click options of “Report View” window Using the “Export Report” option you can extract the report from the software as a “HTML” or “Doc” file and save it in your desired directory. By clicking on “Report Setting” option, a window with the same name opens. From “AMProStateSequencer” tree diagram, you can specify what to be included in the “Report”. You can select from “Short”, “Long” and “Custom” options for the mode of the report in the field at the top of the window. / / In “Short” mode, the software provides the user with a short output file containing the test parameters. For example, you can see that in “Abstract” subcategory, only the results of the test and “Test Module” information which is the test device information are included in the “Report”. But in “Long” mode, the user is provided with a “Long” report of the test. You can see that by selecting this mode in the “Abstract” subcategory, in addition to “Test State” and “Test Module”, “Comment” and “Tested By” options are checked which refer to the comment written in the “States” of the software and the name of the performer of the test respectively. Also, if the user manually selects any of the parameters to be included in the report, they enter the “Custom” mode. In summary, in the “Abstract” subcategory, a summary of the information regarding the “State” specified for the test including the result of the test, day, date and location of the performed test, test device information, comments and the name of the performer of the test which can be selected to be added to the “Report”. Also, in “Test Object – General Data” subcategory, information regarding the “Device” section and the parameters specified in “CB Configuration” from the “Test Object” window are available to be selected. For example, you can see that by checking “Other RIO Function” option, the values specified in “CB Configuration” section are added to “Report” window. Also, in “Test Object” subcategory the information related to the system including parameters of the system, time tolerances and grounding factor from distance block as well as protective zones of distance block settings etc. are available to be selected. For example, by checking “System Setting”, you can see that system parameters, tolerances and grounding factor specified in “Test Object” window, are added to the report. “REPORT SETTING” WINDOW PART 2 In “Hardware Configuration” subcategory, name of the device, hardware status of the device, binary and voltage output status, “Input” binaries status, “Output” binaries status and “AUX DC” voltage status are selected to be added to the “Report”. For example, by checking “Analog Outputs” option, you can see that the wiring and activeness or inactiveness status of every voltage and current output is added to the “Report”. By checking “Link XRIO References” option, if the value of a parameter in a “State” is linked to a specific parameter in “XRIO”, it is mentioned in the “Report”. “I L1” current is linked to “CT” secondary current in “Device” section and then “Link XRIO References” option is checked. You can see that its information is added to the “Report”. / / By opening “Test Setting”, you can see that its three subcategories including “State Group”, “Type Details” and “Start Test Condition” which are the settings related to “States”, their types and test start conditions are located in this section. “State Group” subcategory includes items related to “Detail View” window. If type of any of the “States” is something other than “Normal”, in “Type Detail” section it is possible to add their details to the “Report”. To do this, by opening any subcategory of this section, for example “Ramp Detail”, you can select any section of “State Type” settings to be displayed in the “Report”. In “Start Test Condition” section, it is possible to select the specified start condition of the test to be displayed in the “Report”. / In “Test Result” section, you can select the results of your test which may include assessments, time of the test, signal waveform status in “Signal View”, vector view of device voltages and currents in “Vector View” etc. to be displayed in the “Report”. Note that in “All State” subcategory you can specify the items you wish to be displayed in the “Report” for all of the “States”. Before selecting the options available in “Current State”, first you need to determine the intended “State” and then by going to this subcategory, select the items of this “State” that you wish them to be displayed in the “Report”. / If extra items such as “Operation” are specified for the test, you can select them to be displayed in the “Report” from “Extra Test Result” section. In “Show Calculated” subcategory, you can select the items related to the “Operations” specified in “Signal View” settings to be displayed in the report. If you have specified a lissajous diagram for the test, by selecting “Knee point” and “lissajous” and its subcategories, you can add them to the report. / / ADVANCED SETTINGS OF “REPORT” PART 1 On “Report Setting” window, it is possible to change the view type of “Report View” window by using “HTML” and “PDF” options. Also, by using the “Scroller” of this section, it is possible to navigate through different pages of the report and view the applied changes. Note that “Scroller” is only available in “HTML” mode. / By clicking on “Advanced” button, the advanced settings page opens on the right side of this page. By using “Export Settings”, you can save an output “sqrs” file containing the settings and if necessary, it is possible to “Load” the setting in the software by using “Import Settings” button and have an output report with the saved settings. This feature is useful when you intend to perform a “Clear Cache” on the software because by doing so, the current settings are removed and “Reset” to default settings of the software. So, before clearing the “Cache”, you can export your settings and after clearing the cache import it to the software. / / By using “Save to Template” button, it is possible to save the current settings as a “Template” in the software and when necessary “Load” it by using the “Load from Template” button. Also, if any changes have been made to the report, to reset the settings to default settings of the software, you should click on “Reset to Default” button. In “General Setting” section, the general settings including numbering headers, showing the characteristics curve guidelines, framing of the texts in the report, showing tolerances, as well as showing the binaries which have been set on condition “X” are adjusted. For example, you can see that by checking “Show border”, a dotted line border is added around the texts of the report in “Test State” and “Test Module” sections. / In “Font Setting” section, the font sizes of “Header” and “Body” are adjusted in pixels. “Header” and “Body” are, by default, set on 12 and 11 pixels here. In “Image Setting” section, it is possible to add size of the characteristics curve of the test, size of “Signal View” picture diagrams and size of “Vector View” diagrams in “Characteristics” field, “Signal” field and “Vector View” field respectively. / / For example, here the picture size of “Signal View” is set on the half of its default size which is 300 pixels. Now, you can see that the size of the picture is changed to half of its previous size on this window. Moreover, if you intend to change the format of the pictures added to the report, you can select your intended format from the list available in “Image Type” section. ADVANCED SETTINGS OF “REPORT” PART 2 In “Margin Setting” section, it is possible to set all four margins of the text. In “Document Setting” section, by checking “Insert page number”, you can insert page numbers on report pages. Also, by checking “Insert page break before main heading”, every “HEADING” of the report is added to the beginning of every new page. / / By selecting “Fit width to max length data” in “Page Size” section, size of the tables in the report is adjusted according to the page size while by selecting “Fix width”, the page size remains fixed. If size of the table is larger than the page, some parts of the table goes beyond the page boundary. In “Header/Footer setting”, by checking “Header”, “Header text” field appears which enables you to enter your desired text. Also in “Header height” section, you can specify your desired height for the “Header”. / By clicking on “Logo” and opening “Import logo for report” window, you can insert a picture or the logo of the company in the “Header” of the report. By checking “Footer”, “Footer text” field appears which enables you to enter your desired text. Also in “Footer height” section, you can specify your desired height for the “Footer”. By checking “Show persons sign” and selecting “Setting”, “Persons sign” window opens where you can add up to four signs to your report. By clicking on “Add persons sign” and clicking on “Signature” and selecting “Signature” you can add a “Signature” to your report. In “Title” and “Value” sections, title and name of the person are entered respectively. / In “Title” of the “Setting” section, you can enter a general title for all four signatures and add a box for every signature by checking “Show border in report”. Also, in “Repeat mode” section, by selecting “Show in all pages” the entered signatures are displayed in all pages. But, by selecting “Show in last page”, these signatures are displayed only in the last page. In “Extra setting” section and in “Tested by”, “Approved by”, “Company”, and “Comment” fields, you can enter the name of the performer of the test, the supervisor, and the company as well as comments respectively. Note that to show these items in the output report, other than checking their options in this section, you need to check their options in the tree diagram under abstract branch as well. / By selecting “Browse custom”, you can display specific information of the “Xrio” file in the report by checking their corresponding option. For example, to display “Name plate” and “Location”, you should check these options from the “Test object” tree diagram of the “Device” section in “Browse custom” and “Xrio block report setting” page so that the intended information is specifically displayed in the report. / INTRODUCING “OVERCURRENT” ROOM This room and other test relay rooms which were introduced by the name of “Medium” rooms before are used to test high current functions and “Over Load”. This room includes three windows of “Test View”, “Over Current Characteristic” and “Medium Detail View” which are used to enter the test points and display them in the intended characteristic curve. / / / To test a relay, the first thing to do is to enter the relay information and settings in the software. To do this, first, select “Test Object” from the toolbar and from the tree diagram in “Device” section enter “I primary” and “I secondary” information which are the “CT” turn ratio. Note that any mismatch between the setting of this section and the relay will lead to wrong responses in relay test. / Next, you need to enter the relay setting from the tree diagram in “Over Current” block. By double-clicking on this block, “Overcurrent Protection Parameters” page opens which includes “Relay Parameters” and “Elements” tabs. In “Relay Parameters tab, in “Relay Behavior” section, first you need to determine whether the relay is “Directional” or “Non-Directional”. Then, in “Tolerance” section and “Current”, “Time” and “Angle” sections, current and time tolerances and for “Directional” tests, angular tolerance are entered. / / In “Elements” section, you need to determine the relay characteristic curve and its characteristics. To do so, first the type of intended current protection should be selected in “Selected Elements Type”. Then, you need to specify the characteristic curve information in the table in this page and create the relay “Curve”. / / / By using “Add”, you can add more rows to the table and if there are multiple “Stages”, create another “Curve”. Also, “Copy to” and “Remove” options are used to use the curve created in different protections and remove the created row respectively. “Move Up” and “Move Down” options are used to move a “stage” up or down respectively. / In “Define Element Characteristic” tab and in “Characteristic” section, the type of characteristic curve and in “Range Limits” section, current and time ranges which are protected by the intended “Stage” should be specified. Also, if a characteristic curve is specified for “Dropping” the relay, you can enter its setting in “Reset Characteristic” section. The “Curve” of every “Stage” is displayed separately in the diagram at the right side. In “View Resulting Characteristic” section, you can view the characteristic curve resulted from specified “Stages”. / / If in “Relay Behavior” page, the relay is specified as a “Directional” one, another tab named “Define Element Directional Behavior” is added where the setting related to the unit protected by the relay is entered. Moreover, a polar diagram is added in which the angle protected by the relay is specified schematically. / After entering the relay characteristic and confirming the changes, it is possible to specify some points on the characteristic curve and run the test in “Test View” and “Over Current Characteristic”. In future videos, each of the mentioned sections will be explained in greater detail. By selecting any of the “Element Versions” in the “Compatibility” section, the pickup current coefficients change for each element. By selecting “Advanced Element”, the coefficients for the specified characteristics is change into what can be seen in the picture. This means that the pickup current determined for that characteristic is multiplied by the displayed coefficient and “Fault Type” is applied for it. As an example, if you determine an element in negative sequence and you wish to test this element in “L1L2” mode, this characteristic can be tested by multiplying square root of 3 in pickup current. These coefficients are extracted from negative, positive and zero sequence matrix. One example is provided about how to calculate these coefficients and other coefficients can be achieved by following the same procedure. / But in “Simple Fault Loop” which is an algorithm used by older relays, these coefficients are, as you can see, different. To facilitate analyzing the effects of coefficients on characteristics, there is a section named “More Details” on “Test View” page by double-clicking on which another section opens where the information regarding the characteristics along with their coefficients are displayed. The difference between “Advanced Element” and “Zero-Sensitive Elements” is in the “3I0” characteristic coefficient; one of these two should be selected in accordance with the relay algorithm. RELAY SETTING IN OVERCURRENT ROOM, PART1 As mentioned before, to test a relay, the first step is to enter the relay characteristic in the software. To do this, first how to enter the setting for a “Non-directional” relay is going to be explained. Enter “General Test Object” window and after changing the “CT” turns ratio to 500/1 in “Device” block, by double-clicking on “Overcurrent” block, “Overcurrent protection parameters” page opens where you can enter the relay setting. In “Relay behavior” section, the setting related to relay protection, placement of “VT”s as well as wiring of “CT”s are specified. Since here our relay is “Non-directional”, “Non-directional” should be selected in this window. Note that the setting related to “VT Connection” and “CT Connection” are only active in “Directional” mode and in “Non-directional” relays, these options are disabled. / / / In “Directional” relays, current, time and angular tolerances are set in “Tolerances” section. To set current tolerance, you need to enter your intended tolerance as a percentage of the test current in “Relative” field. You can see that this tolerance is set at 5 percent by default. Also, in “Absolute” section, it is possible to enter this tolerance as a coefficient of “CT” nominal current in this field and view its actual value in the front field. Moreover, it is possible to enter the numerical value of tolerance and view its related coefficient in the previous field. For example, in this field 40 mA is entered as the tolerance. You can see that the coefficient related to this current, changes in the corresponding field. Note that the software picks the maximum tolerance between the two tolerances specified for the characteristic curve. For example, if the test current is set at 1 amp, with a 5 percent tolerance, the current is calculated between 1.05 and 0.95 amp but if a 40 milliamp tolerance is used, the pickup current is calculated between 1.04 and 0.96 amp. The software picks the highest values which is between 1.05 and 0.95 amp. In “Time” section, the time tolerances are specified in percentage and actual forms and the angular tolerance is specified in “Angle” section. / To specify the characteristic curve, you need to enter “Elements” tab. In “Element Name” column, a title for the specified “Stages” is entered. For example, here “Stage1” is selected. In “Tripping Characteristic” column it is possible to specify the type of the characteristic curve which is set at “IEC Definite Time” by default. To change the intended characteristic curve, double-click on “IEC Definite Time” or click on three dots sign from “Characteristic” section to open “Manage / Select Characteristic” window. In “Standard” section, you can view the available characteristic curves in “IEC” standard and by selecting any of these you can view its formula and coefficients in “Characteristic” section. Note that it is necessary to select the same characteristic curve as the one specified for the relay. / / If you cannot find the characteristic curve specified for the relay here or the coefficients of the formulae are different, by entering “Predefined” folder, you can find the relay characteristic curve from “Inverse”, “I2T”, IAC” and “Reclosers” folders and then select it. Also, if you cannot find the relay formula in any of the folders, in “Custom” folder, by selecting “Custom Formula” it is possible to specify your intended formula according to the coefficients specified in this section as well as the value of “Itest/Ipickup” and “Time dial” which are indicated by “M” and “Td” respectively. After doing so, you can save and use the formula. Moreover, if the relay characteristic curve is based on the points table, you can add the characteristic curve point by point and view its curve by selecting “Table Example 2” and using the “Grabber” tool available in the software. This window will be fully explained in future videos. / / / If the characteristic curve formula is available in the software, but the used coefficients are not the same as the ones in the relay’s manual, you need to select the intended formula and by “Copying” and “Pasting” it in “User defined” section, change its coefficients and use the formula according to the coefficients specified in the relay’s manual. To facilitate doing this, “Copy to user defined” option has been made available and you can use it. For example, here the formula related to “Basler I2T-46N” curve is copied and pasted in “User defined” section. Now, by selecting it, you should enter your intended coefficients and by saving the new curve with the selected coefficients, it is saved in the software and can be used. To continue the process, the “IEC Normal Inverse” curve is selected here. You can see that in “Elements” tab, an “Inverse Normal” “Stage” is entered. Now in “I Pick-up” column, you should set the pickup current of the relay according to a coefficient of “CT” secondary nominal current which, here, is set at 1.1. Also, it is possible to set the pickup current from “I Pick-up” field at the bottom of this tab. After setting the pickup current, its value is displayed in “Absolute” column. In “Time” column, “TMS” or “Time dial” of the relay is entered. This value can also be entered in “Time Index” field at the bottom of this tab and 0.5 is entered here. In “Reset Ratio” column, “Drop Out” coefficient of the relay is entered which is set at 0.95 by default. Also, you can see that in “Direction” column, the type of this curve is set at “Non-Directional”. Um den Vorgang fortzusetzen, wird hier die Kurve „IEC Normal Inverse“ ausgewählt. Sie können sehen, dass auf der Registerkarte „Elemente“ eine „Inverse Normale“ "BühneStufe" eingegeben wird. Sie können sehen, dass auf der Registerkarte „Elemente“ eine BühneStufe „Inverse Normale“ eingegeben wird. Nun sollten Sie in der Spalte „I Pick-up“ den Aufnahmestrom des Relais nach einem Koeffizienten des Sekundärnennstroms „CT“ einstellen, der hier auf 1.1 eingestellt ist. Außerdem ist es möglich, den Pickup-Strom im Feld „I Pick-up“ unten auf dieser Registerkarte einzustellen. Nach dem Festlegen des Abholstroms wird sein Wert in der Spalte „Absolute“ angezeigt. In der Spalte „Time“ wird „TMS“ oder „Time dial“ des Relais eingegeben. Dieser Wert kann auch im Feld „Time Index“ unten auf dieser Registerkarte eingegeben werden, und hier wird 0.5 eingegeben. In der Spalte „Reset Ratio“ wird der Koeffizient „Drop out“ des Relais eingegeben, der standardmäßig auf 0.95 eingestellt ist. Außerdem können Sie sehen, dass in der Spalte „Direction“ der Typ dieser Kurve auf „Non-Directional“ festgelegt ist. / / / / / RELAY SETTING IN “OVERCURRENT” ROOM, PART 2 After specifying a “Stage” for the relay characteristic curve, it is possible to specify the characteristic curve time and current range limits in “Range limits” section. To do this, you need to activate this section by checking “Active” option and enter the required ranges in according fields. For example, here, “I min” equals 1.2 times “lref” and “l max”, 100 times “Iref” is entered. At the right side of this window you can see that the characteristic curve of the relay is specified to be between 1.2 and 100 times of the reference current which is the same as “Iref” or “CT” secondary. Also, the minimum time is entered in “t min” field and here “1.5” second is entered. In “t max” field, on the other hand, the maximum time is entered which, here, is 40. Now you can see the effect of these changes on the characteristic curve.Moreover, for relays that act in “Definite Time” mode from currents higher than a specific amount, “Limit t from I” option can be used. For example, for relays that act from 1.1 time of the determined “Pickup” current and act in “Definite Time” mode from 20 times of the “Pickup” current, the settings are entered as can be seen. / / In “Reset Characteristic” section, you can specify the setting related to “Drop out” characteristic curve of the relay which is set at “Off” by default. This means that as soon as the fault current falls below the relay “Drop” current, the pickup contact must be removed from the relay. By selecting “Definite time”, “tr” field is activated and you can specify a time for “Drop out” of the relay. For example, if 1.5 second is entered here, when the fault current falls below the specified value, the pickup contact must be removed from the relay after 1.5 second. Also, by selecting “Inverse time”, “R” and “T” fields are opened and it is made possible to specify an “Inverse” curve for “Drop out” time of the relay according to the formula displayed in “Formula” section and by specifying “R” and “T” values. Note that it is possible to manage “Reset Characteristic” and “Range limits” sections from “manage / select characteristic” page as well. / If the characteristic curve of the relay comprises of multiple “Stages”, it is necessary to use “Add” button to specify the required number of “Stages” and by specifying their parameters, test the intended relay. For example, here, another “Stage” of “Time Definite” type is created and the pickup current is set at 1.5 times “I ref” and its operation time is set at 200 milliseconds in “Time” column. You can see that by clicking on any “Stage”, its corresponding characteristic curve is displayed in the right side window. Now, in “View Resulting Characteristic” tab, it is possible to view the final characteristic curve created. You can see that this curve is the result of both “Stages” specified in the table on this window. In “Color” column, a color is selected for each “Stage”. In “Active” column, it is possible to activate or deactivate any intended “Stage” by using “Yes” and “No” options. For example, here, the second “Stage” is deactivated and removed from the characteristic curve. / By using “Save as User-defined” option from “Manage / select characteristic” window, it is possible to add the characteristic curve created in each “Stage” in “User defined” folder and use when necessary. For example, here, the first “Stage” is selected and by clicking on “Save as User-defined”, the “Manage / Select Characteristic” window opens. Then, by clicking on “Ok” button and returning to this window, you can see that this curve and its setting are added to this folder with the name of IEC Normal Inverse2. / RELAY SETTINGS IN “OVERCURRENT” ROOM, PART 3 As mentioned before if the relay characteristic curve is provided as a table of points, the user needs to manually enter these points into the software. To do so, first, “Table Example 2” is selected from “Custom” folder in “Manage/Select Characteristic” window. You can see that, by default, a curve is created in this section using the points table. / To specify a new curve, by clicking on “Copy to User Define” option, this curve is copied to “User Define” folder and after selecting this curve in “User Define” folder, by clicking on “Grab” the window related to the “Grabber” opens. In this diagram the "X" axis is the current axis, and the "Y" axis is the time axis. In “Axes” section, to show the curve, the current range is specified in terms of “IPu” and the time range is specified in terms of seconds. For example, here the current range is specified between 1 “IPu” and 100 “IPu” and the current axis is displayed between 1 and 100 “IPu”. “IPu” is the CT secondary nominal current. Also, by unchecking the “Logarithmic” option, it is possible to change the diagram display from logarithmic to regular. Also, by using “Open” and “Save” options it is possible to save the created file in this section and open it again on this page and edit or use it if necessary. / Now, from the toolbar click on “New” to open a new blank page for the new curve. In “Point” section, enter the current in “Current” field and time in “Time” field and then “Add” them to the points table of the intended characteristic curve so that it is displayed in the diagram at the right side. Also, by clicking on the related diagram and selecting “Add” or by using the “Ctrl” key and clicking on the diagram, it is possible to create the characteristic curve. By using “Add” and “Insert” buttons, it is possible to add the point entered in “Point” section to the last row of the table and before the selected row respectively. / / / If the user has a logarithmic image of the relay characteristic curve, it is possible to “Load” it in this window by using “Load Image” option and create the relay characteristic curve for the test by adding the point on the entered curve. Now, here we enter an image of the “7UT63” relay overcurrent characteristic. Then it is necessary to equalize the “Scales” of the diagram in this page with the “Scales” of the entered diagram. To do so, first, by using Alt+left click combination key the current and time axes of the entered image are equalized with the current and time axes of the “Grabber” window. Then, the “Start” and “End” values are specified in “Current” section as 1.05Pu1 and 1.45 respectively. Also, the “Start” and “End” values are specified in “Time” section as 0.05 and 200 seconds. You can see that both diagrams are completely overlapping. Note that these numbers are different for images with different sizes and they need to be specified by the user in a way that the two diagrams overlap in terms of values and size. / / Now, by holding down the “Ctrl” key and clicking on the curve with “Dial Setting=0.1”, this characteristic curve is created and approved. If you wish to save this curve in the software for future tests, you need to copy it using the “Copy” button and “Paste” it in “User Defined” folder. Now, by selecting “Save”, the intended characteristic curve is saved in this folder and is usable for next tests. / Note that if a later version of the software is installed, this saved file is removed from the “User Defined” folder. So before installing the new version of the software, it is necessary to make an output “Xml” file by using the “Export” button from “Manage Select Characteristic” page and then “Import” it to the new version. This characteristic curve is displayed in the diagram at the right side of the “Overcurrent Protection Parameters” window. Note that for the characteristic curves created using this method, the time entered in “Time” column of the characteristic table of the characteristic curve is a coefficient which is multiplied by the times entered in the characteristic points table and as a result it influences the characteristic curve time and relay operation time. / RELAY SETTING IN “OVERCURRENT” ROOM, PART 4 To perform “Overcurrent Directional” test, first select “Test Object” from the toolbar and then enter “I Primary” and “I Secondary” information which is the Turns ratio of “CT” in the tree diagram in “Device” section. Note that any mismatch between these two sections will result in incorrect responses. / / After double-clicking on “Overcurrent” block in “Relay Parameters” page, select “Directional” option in “Relay Behavior” section. Then, specify the directions of “VT” and “CT Start Point” in “VT Connection” and “CT Start Point Connection” respectively. Note that mismatch between this section and the relay setting will result in a 180 degree phase difference between the device and relay settings. / After entering the intended “Stages” in “Element” section, whether the protection direction of relay is “Forward” or “Reverse” should be entered in “Direction” field. Then, enter “Maximum Torque Angle” and “Sector Opening” of the relay in “Define Element Directional Behavior” tab. The calculation method for these parameters will be explained in the videos related to protective functions test. In “Directional” mode, a “Directional Plane” is added to this page where you can view the range of relay protection. In “View Resulting Characteristic” tab, you can view the general characteristic curve and “Directional Plane” diagram. Note that if you have multiple directional “Stages” with different “Pick Ups” and performance times, each “Stage” is depicted with a different color specified in the table at the top. / To display the “Directional” characteristic curve or “Directional Plane” and add test points, select “Medium Detail View” from the toolbar and specify your test points on the curve. Another way to make a characteristic curve is to use an “XRio” file. To do this, first, select “Test Object” from the toolbar and check “Import from List” option and specify the relay “Template” type in “Search” section. For example, here, “7UT” relay is selected. Then, select “XRio” format from “File”, “Load Relay Setting”, “Relay Config Type” and import your “XRio” file in “Config File Path”. To make sure that the imported information is correct, you can review the entered parameters from the tree diagram of this section. If necessary, you can examine the parameters effective on every other parameters of the relay by using “Reference Map” and modify it if there is any mismatch with the relay setting. / “TEST VIEW” WINDOW As mentioned previously, one of the windows in “Overcurrent” room is “Test View”. This window comprises of 5 tabs of “Shot Test”, “Pick Up-Drop Off”, “Setting”, “Trigger” and “Binary Output”. Specifying the test points is done in “Shot Test” and “Pick Up-Drop Off” tabs. / In “Shot Test” tab, you can select fault type and the points for the test and after the test is performed, you can view the results of the evaluation. In this tab, in “Test Point” section the fault current and in “Fault Type” section the fault type are determined. In “Test Point” section, the fault current and the angle between current and voltage are specified in “I Test” and “Angle” fields respectively. Note that this angle is only useful for performing “Directional” tests. !/ If you want to specify the fault current in terms of a coefficient of “CT” nominal current or “Pick Up” current of one of the specified “Stages”, you need to check “I Test Relative” option and specify the coefficient in “Factor” field and then, from “Relative to” drop list select the base current to specify the fault current. This base current can be a “Pick Up” current of one of the “Stages” or “CT” secondary nominal current. After specifying the test current, you need to select the fault type from the standard faults available in “Fault Type” section. These faults include different types of phase to earth, two phase, three phase, inconsistency, “3I0” and “L1”, “L2” and “L3” faults. / To better understand “L1”, “L2” and “L3” faults, suppose that in a line, there is a transformer with a delta connection on the first side. When a fault occurs in the secondary side, the fault phase corresponding current will flow in the first side and this fault current is provided by other phase or phases. “Negative Sequence” or inconsistency faults test is available by selecting “I2”. Since relays detect inconsistency fault by using the value of negative sequence current, by selecting this type of “Fault Type”, the entered fault current will merely be negative sequence current. “3I0” fault is useful for “Earth Fault” in “Summation” mode while “L-E” fault is useful in “Measuring” mode. / / By clicking on “Add”, the selected test point is added to the table in this window. Regarding the test points, note that if you check the "I Test Relative to" option and make the test stream dependent to a parameter and "Add" that point, that test point is always dependent on the value of that parameter and by changing the value of that parameter, the amount of the test current also changes. To clear the subject, check the "I Test Relative to" option and the test current is defined twice the rated current, and this point is added to the test table. Now if you change the rated current to 5 amps you will see that the test current changes from 2 amps to 10 amps. By selecting one of the rows and clicking on “Insert” option, the selected row is repeated in the table and by clicking on “Remove” option, the selected point is removed. Also, by selecting “Add to” option, it is possible to copy point or points selected for one of the “Fault Types” to another “Fault Type”. By clicking on “Remove All” option, all test points entered in the table will be removed. / By clicking on “Sequence” option, “Sequence Test Points to” page opens where it is possible to specify test points with equal steps. In “Current Data” section, steps are created in direction of the range. By selecting “Current” in “Sequence Type” field, current steps are directly entered in terms of ampere and by selecting “Factor”, the current is entered in terms of the parameter selected in “Relate to” field. / In “Start Value”, “End Value” and “Step Size” fields start point of the current point, end point of the current point and steps are specified respectively. For example, “Factor”, “Pick Up” current of the first “Stage”, 2 times, 6 times and half of “Pick Up” current are selected as values for “Sequence Type”, “Relate to”, “Start Value”, “End Value” and “Step Size” respectively. You can see that “Step Count” which is the number of current steps or test points equals 9. / Moreover, in “Angle data” section, the information related to start angle, end angle and step size are entered in “Angle data”, “Start Value”, “End Value” and “Step Size” respectively. Here 30, 45 and 5 are entered as these values. In “Step Count” field, the number of current steps are specified which is 4 points. In “Total Shot Count” field, the sum total of points is calculated. This value shows that each point in all 4 specified angle “Steps” enters test table with a specified current range. After selecting the “Fault Type” of “L1-E” and “L2-E” and confirming them, you can see that these points are added to the test point table. / / If the performed test has “Failed” points, by selecting “Clear All Failed Tests” option, it is possible to clear all these points from the table of this section. In “Detail” section, the information related to “Trip” nominal time, the allowed operation time range, actual time and test point evaluation are entered in “t nom”, “t min” and “t max” fields, “t act” and “Stage” field respectively. The test points are entered with detail in the table at the bottom of the page. The details include test evaluation, test current, test point angle, whether the test is “Relative” or not; if it is “Relative”, the base coefficient and parameter, nominal time, operation time, fault measure in terms of percentage and seconds and the minimum and maximum operation times are entered. Also, if you wish to add a comment about any of the test points, you can use the “User Comment” cell. At the end of this page, it is possible to select test points table from different “Fault Types”. / “PICK UP-DROP OFF” WINDOW “Pick Up-Drop Off” test of the relay is performed In this tab. In “Test Point” section, the settings related to test points is adjusted. If you wish to perform a “Pick Up-Drop Off” test in a “Non-directional” relay, you need to select “Current” from “Target type” section and for Angular “Pickup-Drop-off” test select “Angle”. At first, “Current” is selected for “Non-directional” test. / In “Pickup” field, the “Pickup” current of the relay is specified. This means that ideally, the relay must “Pickup” at this current and here we enter 1amp for this field. In “Reset Ratio” field, the ratio of “Drop” current to “Pickup” current is specified which here is set at 0.95. Note that by specifying a value for “Reset Ratio”, the software calculates the “Drop” current value and displays it in “Drop Off” field. In “Angle” field, the angle of “Pickup” current is specified which is not useful for “Non-directional” relays and depending on the test type, the user can set it at their desired value. Now, since in “Pick Up-Drop Off” tests the software uses increasing or decreasing ramps, the time interval between increasing and decreasing ramps must be entered in “Pickup ∆t” and “Drop Off ∆t” respectively. By default, these values are set at 100 millisecond. In “∆I” field, the values of each “Step” in each time ramp is specified. Here, this value is set at 20 milliamps. Then, in “Pickup Start” field, the ramp initial current value in test is specified. Here, this value is set at 800 milliamps. This means that the ramp begins at 800 milliamps and increases. Moreover, it is necessary to specify the final values of the ramp current as well. These values are entered in “Pickup End” and “Drop Off End” fields for “Pickup” and “Drop Off” respectively. For example, here, the final current values for “Pickup” and “Drop Off” are set at 1.2 amp and 800 milliamps respectively. / Now, according to the values set in “Test Point” section, the software applies an increasing ramp from 800 milliamps to 1.2 amp of current with 20 milliamps ramps and 100 milliseconds time interval and then receives the “Pickup” signal. Then, it applies a decreasing ramp with 20 milliamps ramp and 100 milliseconds time interval until the relay “Drops”. In “Fault Type” section, as mentioned before, it is possible to determine the fault type. Now, by using “Add” button, this test line is added to the characteristic curve of the relay on “Overcurrent Characteristic” window. Also, the related row is added to the table at the bottom of the “Pick Up-Drop Off” page. In “Detail” section, after the test is finished, the real “Pickup” current value of the relay and the relay “Drop Off” current value of the relay are displayed in “Pickup act” and “Drop Off act” fields respectively. / / For each “Fault Type”, this test is performed only in one point. Immediately after receiving “Pickup” contact, the ramp starts decreasing from “Pickup-End” point. If you wish the ramp to start decreasing from the same point as the relay “Pickup” point, you need to check “Last state Amplitude” option. / For “Directional” tests, here the settings for a “Directional” relay is in a way that the “Direction” is “Forward” and “Maximum torque angle” and “Sector opening” are set at -60 and 180 degrees respectively. Then, open “Medium Detail View”. In this window, the operation range of the relay is displayed in green and purple. You can see that this range is set between -90+60 30 degrees and -60-90 -150 degrees. In “PickUp-DropOff Data” section, the test lines selected from the created test lines are displayed in the table at the left side. In the left sidebar of this window, there are some tools used for diagrams which have been explained previously. / / Now, “Angle” is selected from “Target type” and “States” of the “Ramp” created by the software are put on the angle. In this mode, the value of the current and the fault current angle are entered in “Current” and “Angle” fields respectively. Also, the amount of angular changes in each ramp, the amount of start angle value for ramp “State” and the final value of this angle are entered in "∆∅", “Pickup Start” and “Pickup End” fields respectively. In “Drop Off End” field, the final angle value for decreasing ramp “State” is specified. / For example, here you should make two search lines in border points. The first search line is set with a 1 amp “Pickup” current and a 30 degree angle. You can see that the fields related to this test line are adjusted at the right side by the software. Note that these values can be specified by the user. Also, in graphic diagram of “Medium Detail View” window, the angular range of the intended test is turned pink. Now, we add this test line to “Pick Up-Drop off” test table. Now, to create the next test line, -150 is entered as the angle value in “Angle” field and this lined is also added to the test lines. You can see that by selecting any of the created test lines, its information is displayed in “PickUp-DropOff Data” window. Note that in performing this test, in “Pickup” current, you should perform the test once at the highest limit of the angle and once at the lowest limit of the angle. / “OVERCURRENT” CHARACTERISTIC CURVE To continue explaining “Overcurrent” room, in this video we are going to explain characteristic curve or “Overcurrent Characteristic”. In “Overcurrent Characteristic”, the inverse current curve is displayed in terms of time. This window is designed in a way that it is connected to other windows in this room and it is possible to add points to the table and perform the test more quickly by using some combination keys. / To add test points to “Test View” table, you can click on the characteristic curve and select “Add” button to add points to the table for test. Also, by holding “Ctrl” key and clicking on the curve, you can add your intended points to the test table more quickly. The third method for adding points to the test table is to enter “I test” current in “Test Point” section and click on “Add” button. This method has been explained in previous videos. / After adding test points to the table, by clicking on “Start/Continue Test” from the toolbar, all test points are tested one after the other. But, if you wish to test each point individually, you can either click on “Start Single Test” or right-click on your intended row or then click on “Apply & Start Test” to run the test. Also, if you wish to test a test point without adding it to the test table, click on the intended test point on the characteristic curve and then click on “Start Single Test”. / In “Overcurrent Characteristic” window, it is possible to apply more settings for better analysis by clicking on the cog at the bottom of the page. Each case is explained in the following. / “Zoom during Test” to zoom on the characteristic curve “Optimize All” for optimal display of the characteristic curve “Pan Mode” For moving the characteristic curve “Horizontal Axis” to display horizontal axis of the characteristic curve in relative form “Show Row Number” for showing number of the row whose information is entered “Show All Tact Point” for displaying the operation time of the entire test points on the characteristic curve If the selected test points are close to each other, you can use “Show Selected Tact Point” for better display of the operation time of each row. Note that if “Show All Tact Point” and “Show Selected Tact Point” are selected simultaneously, the operation time of the entire test points on the characteristic curve is displayed. If you wish to add the test point exactly on current lines, you can use “Snap to Grid” option. Note that it is, also, possible to activate “Pan Mode” by holding “Alt + Mouse Click”. If “Show Cursor Value” is checked, by hovering the cursor over any point, the current value and nominal time of that point is displayed. Also, if you wish to have the information regarding every curve, you can check “Show Curve Information” option. / Moreover, there are some features available in the right-click menu of this page which are going to be explained. “Shot” option shows the coordinates of the shot point. “Add shot” option shows the point added to the table and “Shot at” option shows the coordinates of the point “Shot” on the curve. If “Snap to Grid” is not checked, these two coordinates will be the same. / Explanations of “Zoom Mode”, “All”, “In”, “Out” options are available in “Sequencer” section videos. “Characteristic” and “Test Points” options show Characteristic curve and range of shot points on the curve zoomed, respectively. In “Show” section, “Curve”, “Test” and “Grid” options are used to display or hide tolerance, “Shot” points and characteristic curve lines respectively. In “Color” section, it is possible to change the background color, “Grid” color of the lines by using the “Background” option. By using “Default Color” it is possible to change the colors to default settings. “Other” Options are the same as those available by clicking on the cog icon at the bottom of the page which were explained in the beginning of this video. / / / “SETTINGS” TAB OF “OVERCURRENT” MODULE, PART 1 To continue with explaining “Overcurrent” room, in this video we are going to explain “Setting” tab. In this tab, you can adjust some of the test settings. In “Fault Inception” section, the angle in which the fault occurs is specified. But this angle is not the angle between current and voltage but it equally shifts the current and voltage values. To better understand this, select “Signal View” from the toolbar and check “Voltage Group A” in “Setting”. Then, by changing the “Angle” value, you can see the current and voltage signals. Note that to determine the angle between current and voltage, you need to use the “Angle” field in “Shot test” tab. / “Voltage Output” is used in “Directional” tests but if, for any reason, you wish to activate your voltages in a “Non-Directional” test and see the influence of changing voltages on “Overcurrent” test, you can use this section. In “Trigger On” field in “Pick up Drop off Contact” section you can determine the “Contact” to be used for doing “Pick up Drop Off” test. This option is used in cases where the relay does not have “Pick up” contact. In these relays, by reducing the trip time to zero, it is possible to find the approximate pickup current. / But if you do not wish to change the relay settings, if the relay has “LED” or “Flag” pickup, you can manually issue a “Pick Up” or “Drop Off” command by checking “Space Key Press”. You can perform the test by pressing the “Space” button once at the time of “Pick up” and once at the time of “Drop Off”. If you wish to create a transient state for the current waveform in “Add Signal” and test the transient state “Overcurrent”, you can do so by checking “Dc decay” decaying Dc and specifying the “Amplitude” value in terms of percent and time coefficient in “1/T” and then you can view the changes resulted in the waveform in “Signal View”. Now, if you wish to add “Harmonic” to the transient state, you can do so by checking “Harmonic” and specifying the order of the “Harmonic” in “Number” field and specifying the “Amplitude” in terms of percent and phase angle. Note that by unchecking the options in this section, the signal returns to “Normal” state. / / “SETTINGS” TAB OF “OVERCURRENT” MODULE, PART 2 In “Time” section, first, the injection time before fault in “PreFault Time” is entered. In tests such as “Directional” where by injecting voltage, “PTs” draw inrush current, by checking “Ramp in Prefault” you can create a “Ramp” voltage and prevent device errors. Note that checking this option is only possible for “Directional” tests or in conditions determined in “Voltage Output” section. / In “Max Fault Time”, the maximum fault injection time is specified in the form of “Abs” or “Rel” which itself includes three sections. Note that if the time specified in “Max Fault Time” is shorter than time of the “Trip” time of the shot point, result of the evaluation will be wrong. / If you are using “Max Fault Time Abs” field, you need to enter a time in terms of seconds for the maximum fault signal injection time for all points. But, to increase the speed of the test, you can use “Max Fault Time Rel”. By checking this option, three other options appear. By entering a number in “Add%ofTnom”, the fault signal injection time in each point equals the test point nominal time plus a percentage of the nominal time entered in this field. This means that if the test point nominal time is 10 seconds and 5 percent is entered in this field, the maximum fault injection time 1.05 equals the test nominal time which is 10.5 seconds. But in “Add Absolute” field, the fault injection time is entered as a sum of the test point trip nominal time plus the time entered in this field. For points which are in “No Trip” area, it is possible to enter a separate time in “No-Trip Time” field. If you enter the time in these four fields, the software will consider the longest time. / “Post Fault” time is entered in “Post Fault Time”. “Delay After Trigger” is used for specifying the trigger time of the intended key and by right-clicking on the related field and selecting “Go To Linked Value”, you can see that it is linked to “CB Trip Time” and if necessary, by selecting “Remove Link” you can enter your desired value instead. / By selecting “Fault Inception” in “Time Reference”, the “Trip” time from the fault injection time is calculated. But, by selecting “Starting”, the “Trip” time is calculated from when the “Pick-up” contact is received from the relay. / In “Load Current Prefault Current” section, it is possible to adjust the settings related to “Prefault” phase and current. By selecting “Based on Current” radio button in “Amplitude” section, the “Prefault” current is entered in ampere which is the same for all other test points. But, by selecting “Based on IFault”, the “Prefault” current is entered in fault current which is different for every “Shot” point. You can use “Phase” section for the angle between current and voltage in “Prefault”. By selecting the “Based on Degree” radio button, it is possible to specify the voltage current angle in degrees which is the same for all other test points. But, by selecting “Same as Fault Angle”, the angle between current and voltage in “Prefault” will be the same with “Fault” which is different for every “Shot” point. / In “Other Setting” section, by checking first run "PickUp-DropOff", if you have multiple "PickUp-DropOff" and “Shot Test” points, first, the "PickUp-DropOff" test is performed otherwise “Shot Test” is performed first. By checking “Continue Last State Amplitude”, in "PickUp-DropOff" test, instead of starting from “Pickup End” the decreasing ramp will start from where the relay performed the pick-up”. / COMPLEMENTARY EXPLANATION OF “OVERCURRENT” MODULE To continue explaining “Overcurrent” room, here are some additional explanations. By checking “Pause before Start” in “Pick Up-Drop Off” tab, by running the test using the “Start/Continue Test” method, before testing any point, a message appears and by pressing “Ok”, the software tests that point. / By selecting “Fault Inception” In “Time Reference”, the “Trip” time is calculated since the fault injection time. This option is used for testing the relays which do not have the “Pick Up” contact. But by selecting “Starting”, the “Trip” time is calculated since when the “Pick Up” contact is received from the relay. This option helps to increase the measurement accuracy of the operation time in relays with “Pick Up” contact. / In fact, when you select “Fault Inception”, it is like that you are putting the “trigger” on “Trip” signal. But if you select “Starting”, first you need to make sure that the relay gives a “Pick Up” signal. Selecting this option is like putting the “Trigger” on “Trip”, “Pick Up” and “Trigger Logic” in “And” mode. / In “Binary Output” tab, if it is necessary for the relay to see the key condition, by using the “A” or “B” group voltages or “Aux DC” it is possible to take any needed voltage to the “Binary Input” of the relay through “Binary Output” of the device. This tab has three “PreFault”, Fault” and “Post Fault” modes and you can specify the settings of each one separately. / INTRODUCING “VI STARTING” ROOM “VI Starting” room is designed to test “51V” function. In this function, the pickup of overcurrent unit depends on the voltage drop. In fact, “VI Starting” is a current function whose “Pickup” is linked to voltage. Note that in “51V” function test, evaluation of detecting or not detecting fault is performed based on the test voltage and current amount which can be “Voltage-Controlled” or “Voltage-Restrained” and is used as generator-differential protection backup as well as for coordinating high-current relays in power systems. To explain the difference between these two functions, characteristic curve and examples are used. If the “51V” function is “Voltage-Controlled”, its characteristic curve will look like what you can see in this picture. For a relay with this characteristic curve, the relay performs the pickup in currents higher than “5A” and for currents lower than “4A” the relay does not perform the pickup. But if the current is between “4A” and “5A”, the relay performs the pickup only if the voltage is lower than “50V”. In the settings of this function, “4A” and “5A” currents are specified as “I” and “I” respectively. / In the second mode, if the characteristic curve is “Voltage-Restrained”, like the previous mode, the relay detects a fault if the current is higher than “5A” and in currents lower than “4A” it does not perform the pickup. The difference is that between “4A” and “5A”, the pickup voltage value has a linear increase. / In this function, it is possible to specify the settings for phase to phase and phase to earth voltage faults separately. This is also considered in the characteristic curve page of this function so that if you add a shot on the characteristic curve in single-phase “Fault Type”, the specified voltage is the voltage of the phase and if you select two-phase or three-phase “Fault Type”, the specified voltage is line-to-line voltage in which case the device produces the corresponding voltage to produce the line-to-line voltage. / / / “Test View” and “VI Starting Characteristic” are the two main windows of this room. In “Test View” window, the three main tests of this function are performed in “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test” tabs which will be explained in future videos. In “VI Starting Characteristic” window, the characteristic curve of the function is displayed according to the current and voltage. To specify the settings of this function, select “Test Object” from the toolbar and double-click on “VI Starting” from the tree diagram and then enter your desired settings to be displayed in “VI Starting Characteristic” characteristic curve in “VI Starting Parameters” page. / Relay settings in “VI Starting” Room In VI Starting Parameters page, you can enter the characteristic curve information in characteristic section. In I and I fields, the lower and upper limits of the pick-up current are entered. In this protection, for currents lower than I, the function does not give a pick-up regardless of the voltage. Also, for current higher than I, this function gives a pick-up regardless of the voltage. The range between these two values is where the voltage value is influential for the performance of the function. Voltage settings of this function is entered in VLN and VLL fields. As mentioned before, this function needs different settings for phase to earth and phase to phase faults. VLN is used for specifying phase to earth faults settings; VLN I and VLN I are used for specifying the voltage value of lower and upper limits respectively. VLL I and VLL I have the same function for phase to phase faults. Note that for VI Starting-Controlled function, the same value must be entered for the lower and upper limits of VLN and VLL. But for Restrained mode, the lower limit must be lower than the upper limit. Also, current and voltage tolerances of this function are entered in “Tolerances” section. “SHOT TEST” TAB As mentioned previously, one of the windows in “VI Starting” room is “Test View”. This window has 6 tabs including “Shot Test”, “Check Test”, “Search Test”, “Setting”, “Trigger” and “Binary Output”. Specifying the test points is done in “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test” tabs. / In “Shot Test” tab, you can select fault type and the points for the test and after the test is performed, you can view the results of the evaluation. In this tab, in “Test Point” section the fault current and voltage and in “Fault Type” section the fault type are determined. Voltage, fault current and the angle between voltage and current are entered in “Voltage”, “Current” and “Phi” tabs respectively. After specifying the current and voltage of the test, it is necessary to select the fault type from the standard faults available in “Fault Type” section. These faults include different fault types of phase to earth, two-phase and three-phase. / By clicking on “Add”, the selected test point is entered in the table in this window. By selecting one of the rows and then selecting “Insert” option, the selected row is repeated in the table and by clicking on “Remove”, the selected point is removed. By selecting “Add to” option, it is possible to copy point or points selected for a “Fault Type” to another “Fault Type”. By clicking on “Remove All”, all test points entered in the table are removed. / By clicking on “Sequence” option, “Sequence Test Points to” page opens where it is possible to create test points with equal steps. In “Step” section, steps are created toward the range. By selecting “Angle” in “Step On” field, angular steps are entered directly in terms of degrees. This means that the test points are entered according to the origin point specified in “Origin” section in a way that the required angles are resulted in accordance with the horizon. For example, if 45 and 90 degrees are entered as start and end point with 5 degrees steps and 5 volts and 5 amps as origin point, by confirming this settings and “Zooming All” you can see that there are some points added on the “VI Characteristic”. For example, the last point is selected. By doing the calculations mentioned in the picture you can see that the resulted angle is 85 degrees and not 90 which is because the “Origin” point is considered as one of the points as well and the last point of this “Sequence” is removed. / But by selecting “Direction”, an angle is specified in “Angle” field and in this angle from the “Origin” point, with the length entered in “Length” field and by steps specified in “Step Size”, some points are shot on the curve. Note that the length and the steps of the points are specified according to nominal current which is the same as the “CT” secondary current entered in “Device” block on “Test Object” page. For example, if 45 degree, 5 and 0.5 times the nominal current, 0 And 0 are entered as angle, length, step and origin point, by confirming this setting and “Zooming All”, you can see that some points are created in 45 degrees in the characteristic curve with 0 Volts and 0 Amps as the point of origin. / If the performed test has “Failed” points, by selecting “Clear All Failed Tests” option, these points are cleared from the table in this section. In “Detail” section, the information related to “Tip” nominal time, the allowed operation time range, the actual time and evaluation of test point are entered in “T nom”, “T min” and “T Max”, “T act” and “State” fields respectively. In the table at the bottom of the page, the test points are entered with various details. The details include test evaluation, test voltage, test current, the angle between voltage and current of the test point. Also, if you wish to enter a comment for any of the points, you can select “User Comment” from the cell. At the end of this page it is possible to select the test point table in different “Fault Types”. “CHECK TEST” TAB After performing the “Shot Test” in “VI Starting” room, it is time to perform “Check Test” and “Search Test”. In “Check Test” the upper and lower tolerances of the relay that are displayed as dotted lines in “VI Starting Characteristic” are tested and evaluated. To perform the “Check Test”, first it is necessary to draw some lines named “Check Line” in different sections of the diagram. To draw this line, first in “Origin” section from “Check Line” section, the start point of this line is specified. In “Voltage”, “Current”, “Phi” and “Angle” fields, origin point voltage, origin point current, the angle between voltage and current and the movement angle of the “Check Line” are specified respectively. In “Length” section, the length of the “Check Line” is entered in the intended cell. / / Note that the drawn “Check Lines” must cross at least one of the tolerance lines of the point characteristic curve. Then click on “Add” option to add the “Check Line” to “Check Test” lines table. Another way to draw a “Check Line” is to hold down “Ctrl” button and left-click in “VI Starting Characteristic” window and then move the cursor in your desired direction on the characteristic curve. You can see that the information of the drawn “Check Line” is displayed in the “Check Test” lines table. After drawing the “Check Line”, the software evaluates the crossing point of the “Check Line” and the tolerance lines as a “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. Here, after performing the test, the relay performs a “PICK UP” in the lower tolerance and has no performance in the upper tolerance; so the test is “Passed”. Other parts of this section such as “Fault Type” and “Remove All”, “Sequencer” options etc. are similar to “Shot Test” section which has been explained in previous videos. The only additional option in this section is “Copy to Search”. By marking one of the test lines and selecting this option, you can copy the selected line to “Search Test” and by selecting “Add” in “Search Test”, this line is entered in the “Search Test” lines tables. / / After “Check Test”, the last test performed on the “VI Starting” characteristic curve is “Search Test”. The purpose of this test is to find the characteristic curve line and drawing method of the “Search Line” is the same as the two previous methods explained for “Check Line”. By performing the test, the software starts interpolating the characteristic curve by testing some points on the search line and determines the exact location of the characteristic curve. The number of points on the “Search Line” which are tested by the software is specified by the user in “Setting” tab in “Search Setting” section which is in fact the resolution of the “Search Test”. There are three “Relative”, “Absolute” and “Max Point Number” options in this section which determine the ending condition of the “Search Test”. The first condition is “Relative” meaning if the difference between the test point value and previous test point is less than the value specified in this field, this point is the response of the test. The second condition is “Absolute” meaning if the difference between the test point and previous point is less than the value specified in this field, this point is the response of the test. And the third condition is “Max Point Number” meaning the test cannot be performed more than the number of points entered in this field and the last point is the response of the test. / / “Ignore” field in “Search Interval” section is used when you want to ignore the characteristic curve specified for the intended search line. By entering a number in this section, some points are added on the “Search” line with the specified value as the distance between them. For example, by entering 0.4 in this field, you can see that some lines are added on the “Search Line” with a 0.4 distance. If the test is performed, the points added on the “Search Test” are tested one after the other so that the exact location of the characteristic curve is determined. This option is used when the characteristic curve that you have for the test seems wrong or you have no characteristic curve at all. If you wish to do this for all of the test lines, you can use “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section located in the “Setting” tab. To do this, by entering the value for “Search Interval” and selecting “Apply to all”, you can apply this settings to all of the test lines and find the relay characteristic curve. / "VI STARTING" ROOM SETTING To continue with explaining “VI Starting” room, in this video we are going to explain “Setting” tab. you can adjust some of the test settings. In this tab, In “Time” section, first, the injection time before fault in “PreFault Time” is entered. In “Max Fault Time”, the maximum fault injection time is specified in the form of “Abs” or “Rel” which itself includes three sections. Note that if the time specified in “Max Fault Time” is shorter than time of the “Pick up” time of the shot point, result of the evaluation will be wrong. / If you are using “Max Fault Time Abs” field, you need to enter a time in terms of seconds for the maximum fault signal injection time for all points. But, to increase the speed of the test, you can use “Max Fault Time Rel”. By checking this option, three other options appear. By entering a number in “Add%ofTnom”, the fault signal injection time in each point equals the test point nominal time plus a percentage of the nominal time entered in this field. This means that if the test point nominal time is 10 seconds and 5 percent is entered in this field, the maximum fault injection time 105 percent of the test nominal time which is 10.5 seconds. But in “Add Absolute” field, the fault injection time is entered as a sum of the test point trip nominal time plus the time entered in this field. For points which are in “No Trip” area, it is possible to enter a separate time in “No-Trip Time” field. If you enter the time in these four fields, the software will consider the longest time. “Post Fault” time is entered in “Post Fault Time”. “Delay After Trigger” is used for specifying the trigger time of the intended key and by right-clicking on the related field and selecting “Go To Linked Value”, you can see that it is linked to “CB Trip Time” and if necessary, by selecting “Remove Link” you can enter your desired value instead. In “Load Current PreFault Current” section, it is possible to adjust the settings related to “PreFault” phase and current. By selecting “Based on Current” radio button in “Amplitude” section, the “PreFault” current is entered in ampere which is the same for all other test points. But, by selecting “Based on IFault”, the “PreFault” current is entered in fault current which is different for every “Shot” point. You can use “Phase” section for the angle between current and voltage in “PreFault”. By selecting the “Based on Degree” radio button, it is possible to specify the voltage current angle in degrees which is the same for all other test points. But, by selecting “Same as Fault Angle”, the angle between current and voltage in “PreFault” will be the same with “Fault” which is different for every “Shot” point. / In “Search Setting” section, the settings related to “Search Test” are specified. As mentioned before, “Search Test” gives a result when one of these conditions are met. The first condition is “Relative” meaning if the difference between the test point value and previous test point is less than the percentage specified in this field, this point is the response of the test. The second condition is “Absolute” meaning if the difference between the test point and previous point is less than the value specified in this field, this point is the response of the test. And the third condition is “Max Point Number” meaning the test cannot be performed more than the number of points entered in this field and the last point is the response of the test. But, if for any reasons, the nominal characteristic specified for the test is not available, you can use the “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. By doing so, the software ignores the current characteristic. Then, according to the steps entered in “Search Interval”, shots are added to the "Search" line. For example, in “Search Test” section, a line is drawn. Then, 0.5 is entered in “Search Interval” and “Apply to all” is selected. You can see that points with this step are shot on the “Search” line. By performing the test, you can see that it starts from the lowest point and when one of the three mentioned conditions is met, the test gives a result. If necessary, it is possible to disable this option by selecting “Disable all”. In “Trigger” tab, you can select your intended binary to receive the “Pick up” signal, cutting the injection of current and voltage. The explanation and settings of this section are the same as those for “Trigger” in “Sequencer” room. In “Binary Output” tab, if it is necessary for the relay to see the key condition, by using the “A” or “B” group voltages or “Aux DC” it is possible to take any needed voltage to the “Binary Input” of the relay through “Binary Output” of the device. This tab has three “PreFault”, Fault” and “Post Fault” modes and you can specify the settings of each one separately. / / INTRODUCING “DISTANCE” ROOM, PART 1 The relays impedance characteristic test is performed in “AMT Distance” room. The most important use of this room is to test distance relays and “Under Excitation”. Distance relays and “Under Excitation” are used to protect the transmission lines and generators respectively. For example in this video two “Mho” zones are drawn which are displayed in “Impedance View” window. Distance room consists of 4 main windows including “Test View”, “Impedance View”, “Z-T Diagram” and “Medium Detail View”. “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test” are performed in “Test-View” window. In “Impedance View” window the impedance characteristic of the relay is displayed according to the information entered in “Test Object” in terms of “X” and “R” and based on “CT” and “PT” secondary values. This is why in this window the horizontal and vertical axes are named “Secondary R” and “Secondary X”. To view the impedance characteristic based on the primary you can select “Primary Values” from the toolbar. In “Z-T Diagram” the time-impedance curve is displayed. If this window is open along with “Impedance View” and “Test View” windows, by adding a shot on the curve or selecting a point from the table, the location of that point is displayed on “ZT” curve. In “Medium Detail View” window the characteristics of the shot point and protective zones are displayed. / As mentioned before, to test the relay first it is necessary to enter its information in “Test Object” window. Information such as nominal information of the relay, serial number, operation location of the relay, “CT” and “PT” characteristics are entered in “Device” block. This section has been thoroughly explained in previous videos. But the main block in this room is “Distance” by double-clicking on which, the “Distance Protection Parameters” window opens. Two tabs of “System Settings” and “Zone Settings” where the settings is entered are available in this window. / “System Settings” Tab The characteristics of the power system are entered in “System Settings” tab. In “System Parameters” section, the length of the line is entered in terms of ohm in “Line Length” field while the angle of the line is entered in “Line Angle” field. In “PT Connection” field, the installation method of the voltage transformer is selected from among “at line” and “at Busbar” states. The installation method of the PT Voltage transformer specifies whether the voltage exists in “PostFault” which refers to the time after the fault. If “at Line” option is selected, after switching the circuit breaker, the input voltage line of the relay equals zero and the “AMT” device will not make any voltage into the relay in “PostFault”. But by selecting “at Busbar” option, after switching the circuit breaker, the input voltage line of the relay keeps its nominal value and consequently, the “AMT” device injects the relay with nominal voltage in “PostFault”. / / In “CT StarPoint” field, the direction of the connection is selected from among “Dir. Line” and “Dir.Busbar” states. If the connection is “Dr. Line”, the current flows from device to the relay. If the relay connection is “Dir. Busbar”, it is only enough that the current angle is changed as much as 180 degrees. / / Then, in “Tolerance” section, time and impedance tolerances are specified. In this field, first the time tolerances are entered in terms of percentage and time in “Tol.T rel” and “Tol.T abs” respectively. Then impedance tolerances are entered in “Tol.Z rel” and “Tol.Z abs” fields in terms of percentage and ohm respectively. / “Grounding Factor” Section: In this section, the grounding factor for phase-to-ground fault is specified. In phase-to-ground faults, specifying this number in accordance with the relay algorithm is so important. If this factor is wrong, the calculations of the phase-to-ground fault will be wrong as well. So, one of the methods mentioned is this section should be selected in accordance with the algorithm used by the relay to calculate the single phase-to-ground fault. The output voltage and current fault of the device will change in accordance with the selected checkbox in the “Mode” field. Any of these options should be selected considering the type of the relay being tested. The used algorithms can be divided into three groups of “Type A”, “Type B” and “Type C” in accordance with the different types of relays and algorithms used to calculate the fault impedance. If none of the checkboxes is selected, “Type A” is selected by default. If you do not know the type of algorithm being used by the relay you are testing, it is better to use trial and error method. / “Mode” Field There are various modes to enter the grounding factor values in this section. It is only necessary to select a mode and enter the values accordingly. By entering the grounding factor in this section, the software calculates the impedance for phase-to-ground fault. If in the relay being tested, the grounding factor is indicated by “KL”, the “KL” value should be entered in “KL Magnitude” cell and its angle should be entered in “KL Angle” cell. But if the grounding factor is indicated by “RE/RL” and “XE/XL”, you can select this mode and enter the required values in “RE/RL” and “XE/XL” fields. “RE” and “XE” stand for true and imaginary values of the ground impedance from to the relay location to the fault and “RL” and “XL” stand for the true and imaginary values of line impedance from the relay location to the fault. If in the relay being tested the ground factor values is indicated by “Z0/Z1”, you can select this mode and enter the “Z0/Z1” value and its angle in “Z0/Z1 Magnitude” and “Z0/Z1 Angle” fields respectively. “Z0” indicates the zero sequence impedance while “Z1” is indicator of the positive sequence impedance of the faulty line. / / / “Calc. With RE/RL and XE/XL” Option If this option is checked, “Type B” formulae are used to calculate the ground factor and its effect on the current and voltage produced by the device. In these relays, to calculate the impedance in phase-to-ground fault, “Kr” and “Kx” factors are used which are “Kr=RE/RL” and “Kx=XE/XL”. / “Separate Arc Resistance” Option / “Impedance in Primary Values” Option In some relays, the characteristic is based on the primary values. But since it is necessary to enter the characteristics in the software based on secondary values so that the device can apply the voltage and current in accordance with the relay characteristic, you should enter the primary values in the software and check “Impedance in Primary Values” option. By doing so, the values are multiplied by the turns ratio of current and voltage transformers. / “LL Fault Group Exclude L1L2L3 Fault Type” Option This option is used to separate two-phase fault from three-phase fault. Generally, because of “Grounding Factor” in relays, there is difference between the characteristic curves of “L-E” and “LL” faults. But it is possible that in some relays there is also difference between two-phase and three-phase faults in which case, this option should be used. By checking this option, it is necessary to specify the three-phase fault zones in “Fault Loop” column. More explanation on this section will be provided in future videos. “Impedance Correction 1A/1nom” option is used when the relay’s “CT” is “5 amps” but in the calculations a “1 amp” “CT” is used for it. By checking this option, you can use the new turns ratio. / INTRODUCING “DISTANCE” ROOM, PART 2 In “Zone Setting” tab and in “Zones” section, the information is entered to each “Zone”. By using the “New” option, it is possible to add a row or “Zone” to the table of this section and to repeat a zone, delete a zone or enter the characteristics of each “Zone” you can use “Add Duplicate”, “Delete” and “Edit” options respectively. / To enter the characteristics of a “Zone”, by clicking on “Add” add one or several rows and specify your zone. Using this table, you can draw the desired characteristics. For polygon characteristics you need to use several “Lines” and enter the characteristics of each of the sides. For each line, “R”, “X”, “Angle angle of the line” and “Inside the inside area” should be specified which includes “Left” for the area of the left side and above the line for horizontal lines and “Right” and below the line for horizontal lines. In using “Line polar”, the line characteristics are specified with its impedance magnitude and angle which means “Z” and “Phi”. If you wish to draw radial characteristics, you need to use “Arc”. In “Arc” mode, you need to enter the center of the circle, the radius of the circle, the start angle of the curve and the end angle of the curve in “R” and “X”, “Radius”, “Start angle” and “End angle” respectively. Moreover, you can select the rotation direction of the curve from among “Clockwise” and “Counter clockwise” options. If you are using “Arc Polar”, instead of “R” and “X”, you need to enter impedance and angle. / As an example, we are going to show you how to draw a “Quad” characteristic and in future videos we will provide you with explanations for other characteristics. Before starting to design the zones, it is important to note that intersection of successive lines with each other, meaning the intersection of the first and second lines, second and third lines, and third and fourth lines so one. make the zone. Finally, if you check “Auto Close” option, the intersections of the first and last lines will be considered as well and the zone will close automatically. / To begin an element, “Add” “Line Cartesian” and set its “R” and “X” at “0” and “-0.1” respectively with a “0” angle. By adding the next line, the intersection point of these two lines determines the zone area. “R” and “X” of the second line are “1” and “0” with a “65” angle. Since “Left” has been selected, the inside area of the left side is selected. By selecting “Right”, you can see that the right side of the line from the intersection point is considered as a part of the zone. To specify the line above the characteristic, a line with “0” as “R” and “1” as “X” with a “0” angle and “Right” to select below the line is entered. In the final step, a line with “65” as its angle and “-1” and “0” as its “R” and “X” are entered. / As another example, if you wish to make a radial zone, you need to use “Arc Cartesian”. If you just want to make a circular zone with a specified center and radius, you need to enter the center of the circle and its radius in “R” and “X” and “Radius” fields respectively. Here, as an example, “1”, “0” and “1” are entered as the center and radius. “Start Angle”, “End Angle” and “Direction” fields have no effect in this mode. In “Inside” field, by selecting “Left” or “Right” you can select inside or outside the circle as the zone respectively. If you wish to specify a part of the circle as the zone, first you need to specify a line and then a circle. If you enter “15” degrees as the angle of the first line, and set the rotation direction of the circle at “Counter Clockwise”, the software starts moving in counter clockwise direction and picks the first intersection of the line and the circle which is close to the “Start Angle” as the start angle and picks another intersection which is close to the “End Angle” and the end angle. To complement the explanation, another line is added. This line determines the end angle and the first line of the start angle. Like before, the rule is that the intersection which is close to the “End Angle” is considered as the end angle. For example, “25” degrees is entered. According to the provided explanations, if you wish to select a part of the circle as the zone, you need to specify the circular element between the two line where the first line is the start angle and the second line is the end angle. / INTRODUCING “DISTANCE” ROOM, PART 3 To simplify drawing the zones you can use “Predefined Shapes”. In this section, some patterns are predefined for three types of characteristics. Circle is used to draw “MHO” characteristic curves. In “Forward Reach” field, the maximum forward protective area is specified which is in “R” positive direction. If the characteristic is in a way that covers a part of the back of the relay, by using the “Offset” field, you can apply this item as well. About the mentioned subject, note that applying offset does not cause “Forward Reach” to change. Moreover, it is also possible to apply negative offset, which causes the characteristic to distance from the origin of the coordinates. By entering the angle in the “Angle” field, the center of the circle moves in counter clockwise direction as much as the value mentioned in this field. For example, if “5” and “1” are entered as “Forward Reach” and “Offset” respectively, in “0” degree you can see that “R=-1 to “R=5” is the area that is covered. Now, if “45” is entered as the angle, you see that the center of the circle rotates as much as “45” degrees. In this case, the radius and center of the circle can be obtained using “r=forward Reach + Offset/2"And “M=forward Reach + Offset/2”formula respectively. “Polygon” characteristic are made of four line Cartesians. To change any of the sides, first you need to select the intended line and enter the characteristics. Explanations for this matter are the same as the explanations provided for line Cartesian. / The last characteristic is “Lens/Tomato”. The use of “Forward Reach”, “Offset” and “Angle” fields is the same as “MHO” characteristic. Parameters “A” and “B” stand for “Width” and “Forward Reach” respectively and in “A/B” field the proportion of these two is entered. If “A/B” is bigger than “1”, smaller than “1” or equalls “1”, the characteristic will be in tomato form, lens form and MHO form respectively. If “A/B” is selected in the “Type” field, by changing the “Forward Reach”, the proportion of “A/B” remains the same and the “Width” changes. For example you can see that if “A/B” equals “0.5”, by changing “Forward Reach” the value of “Width” changes. However, if “Width” is selected as “Type”, by changing “Forward Reach”, you see that the “Width” remains the same and “A/B” changes. / Practically this characteristic curve is made of “2” circles and the radius of these circles is shown as the “R” formula, the center of the first circle is shown as “M1”, and the center of the second circle is in the form of “M2” where “α”, “β” and “ϕ” are as illustrated. / / In the end, some points about this section is mentioned: By selecting any element, any information entered earlier will be deleted. By checking “Invert all” option, the selected area inverses. This means that if this option is checked and “1” second is entered as the trip time, on the test page you can see that inside the curve is “NO TRIP” while outside the curve is “Tripping” area. / By clicking on “Clear” on this page, all information will be deleted. / After specifying the zone, the type of the zone should be specified in “Type” field. If “Tripping” is selected, its trip time and time and impedance tolerances should be entered in “Zone Details” and for changing any tolerance, its checkbox should be checked and then the changes can be made. Generally, starting zones are very big, which contain tripping zones, and the condition which the relay performs a trip is that the fault impedance is located not only in the tripping area but also inside the starting area. “Extended” zones are those that are activated by receiving a specific signal from the network and usually cause the zone cover a bigger part of the line. / In “Fault Loop” field you can specify the type of faults that the defined zone can be used for. To specify that a zone is to be used only for two-phase faults you need to select “LL” in “Fault Loop” field and check “LL Fault Group Exclude L1L2L3 fault Type” in “System Setting”. You can use “Active” column to activate or deactivate a zone. / “Up” and “Down” options at the top of the table are used to move the defined zones. At the bottom of the page there is a box including grounding factor by which makes it possible to specify a different single-phase grounding factor for each zone. However, this section is in progress and is not ready for use yet. / INTRODUCING “TEST VIEW” WINDOW IN “DISTANCE” ROOM, PART 1 As mentioned before, one of the windows of “Distance” room is “Test View”. This window consists of 6 tabs of “Shot Test”, “Check Test”, “Search Test”, “Setting”, “Trigger” and “Binary Output”. In “Shot Test” tab, it is possible to specify fault type and test point and after performing the test, you can view the results of the evaluation. In “Test Point” section in this tab, the test point can be specified using two methods: first, the impedance magnitude is entered in “lZl” field in terms of ohm and in “Phi” field the impedance angle is entered in terms of degree. Then, by clicking on “Add” the values are entered and the software displays the real and imaginary values of this impedance in “R” and “X” fields respectively. In the second method, it is possible to directly enter the real and imaginary values in “R” and “X” fields and by selecting “Add” select your intended point. If you wish to enter your test points in terms of a percentage of length of the line, you should use “%” field. / By checking “Z Relative” option, the test point is made dependent on the length of the line and recorded in the table. By changing the length of the line from 1 to 3 ohms, in “Test Object” section, in “Distance Parameters” window in “System Settings”, the entered impedance value is changed in accordance with the length of the line. But, if this option is not checked, by changing the length of the line, the entered values in the table do not change. In fact, each test point consists of three “States” which simulate “Prefault”, “Fault” and “Post Fault” states. By default, in “Prefault”, “Fault” and “Post Fault”, nominal voltage and 0current, 0 voltage and current and voltage and a current based on the test point are injected respectively. To change “Prefault” and “Post Fault” states you should use “Setting” tab and “Time” section. More explanation about this section will be provided in “Setting” videos. Just note that if PT connection is wired, as at busbar, in “Post Fault” the zero current and nominal voltage will be available. / The Fault Type is specified in “Fault Type” section. These Faults include phase to ground, two-phase and three-phase faults. Before specifying the fault type and fault current, it is necessary to select the test model from among Constance test current, Constance test voltage and Constance source impedance. In Constance test current model the injection current is fixed and the voltage changes in accordance with the test impedance. In Constance test voltage model, the test voltage is fixed and the fault current changes in accordance with the test impedance. In Constance source impedance method, the source impedance includes the impedance from the origin to fault plus the impedance of ground to the fault point, angle and the grounding factor. / By selecting “Add”, the selected test point is added to the table in this window. By selecting any of the rows and clicking on “Insert” option, the selected row is repeated in the table and by clicking on “Remove”, the selected point is removed. By selecting “Add to” option, it is possible to copy the point or points selected for one of the “Fault Types” to another “Fault Type”. By selecting “Remove All” option, it is possible to remove all of the test points added to the table. By clicking on “Sequence” option, “Sequence Test Points To” page opens where it is possible to create test points with equal steps. By selecting “Angle” in “Step On” field in “Step” section, the angular steps are directly entered in terms of degrees. / This means that the test points are specified according to the “Origin” point entered in “Origin” section in a way that the required angles resulted in proportion to the horizon. For example if the start and end angles equal “45” and “90” degrees with “5” degrees as their steps and the origin points are entered for “Z” and “Phi” or “R” and “X”, after selecting “5” ohms as impedance and “36” degrees as the origin and by applying this settings, you can see that multiple points are added on the “Impedance View”. For example the last point is selected; you can see that the resulted angle is “85” degrees not “90” degrees. This happens because the “Origin” point is also considered as one of the points. / But by selecting “Direction”, an “angle” is specified in “Angle” field where from the “Origin” point with the length entered in “Length” field and with steps specified in “Step Size”, some points are shot on the characteristic curve. Note that the length and the steps of the points are in terms of ohm. For example if the angle is “45” degrees, the length is “5”, the step size is “0.5” ohm and the origin point is “0” ohm, by applying this settings you can see that some points are created in “45” degrees with “0” origin in “Impedance View”. Note that in both states of “Angle” and “Direction”, it is possible to make the origin dependent on the length of the line and specify it in form of a percentage of it in “Z Relative” section. / If the performed test has “Failed” points, by selecting “Clear All Failed Tests” option, it is possible to clear the results of all these points. In “Detail” section, the information related to “Trip” nominal time, the allowed operation time range, actual time and test point evaluation are entered in “T nom”, “T min” “T max”, “T act” and “State” fields respectively. The test points are entered with detail in the table at the bottom of the page. The details include test evaluation, test current, nominal time, operation time, fault value in terms of percent and seconds and the minimum and maximum operation time. Also, if you wish to add a comment about any of the test points, you can use the “User Comment” cell. At the bottom of this page, it is possible to select test points table from different “Fault Types”. To test, a point is shot in “L1-E” “Fault Type”. By using “Add to” option, this point is also added to “L1L2” and “L1L2L3” “Fault Types”. Note that if “L1-E” option remains checked, the point added for the “L1-E” “Fault Type” will be repeated in this “Fault Type”. Then, open the “Signal View” window and run the test. You can see how the voltage and current signals are injected for every test point. After testing each point, its evaluation is recorded in the table as well as the “Impedance View”. / “CHECK TEST” TAB After performing “Shot Test” in “Distance” room, it is time to do “Check Test” and “Search Test”. In “Check Test” the upper and lower tolerances of the relay which are displayed as dotted line in “Impedance View” are tested and evaluated. To perform a “Check Test”, first it is necessary to draw lines named “Check Line” in different parts of the diagram. To draw this line first from “Check Line” section, the origin point of this line is specified in “Origin”. In “|Z|” field the test impedance value is entered as a number. Note that if a negative number , for example -2.5 is entered, since there is no negative impedance, this negative value will influence the angle; this means that it will be subtracted from 180 degrees angle in “Phi” field. The impedance angle is entered within the range of -180 to 180 in “Phi” field and if in this cell a number higher than this range is entered, automatically that number will be displayed in the specified range. For example if 455 degrees is entered in this field, 95 degrees will be displayed. / In addition to using |Z| & "Phi" filed, you can specify origin impedance using "R" & "X" fields. "R" & "X" are real and imaginary of impedance. In fact the four fields of “|Z|”, “Phi”, “R” and “X” are linked and by changing the value of one of them, the others change accordingly. In “Angle” field the angle of the “Check Line” and In the cell of the “Length” section the length of the “Check Line” is entered. In “%” field it is possible to specify the length of “Check Line” in terms of a percentage of the length specified in “Test Object” by default. By enabling the “Relative” option, you can make the length of the line dependent on the parameter specified in “of” field. The value of the parameter specified in “of” field is multiplied by the value of the “%” field and the length of the line is formed. If “Relative” is checked, by changing the value of the “of” parameter, the value of the “%” cell does not change and the new value of the “Length” is calculated. If “Relative” checkbox is not enabled and the value of “of” parameter is changed, the value of “Length” field remains fixed and the value of the “%” changes. Note that the drawn “Check Lines” need to have an intersection with at least one of the tolerance lines of the characteristic curve. Then, click on “Add” option so that the “Check Line” is added to the “Check Test” lines table. / Another method for drawing the “Check Line” is to hold down the left-click and “Ctrl” key on “Impedance View” window and then move the cursor in the desired direction on the characteristic curve. You can see that the information of the drawn “Check Line” is displayed in “Check Test” lines table. After drawing the “Check Line”, the software evaluates the crossing place of “Check Line” and tolerance lines as “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. Here, after performing the test, the relay does not perform in upper tolerance and performs a trip in the lower tolerance so the result of the test is “Passed”. Other parts of this section such as “Fault Type” and “Remove All” and “Sequence” etc. options are the same at those of “Shot Test” section which have been explained in previous videos. The only additional option in this section is “Copy to Search”. By marking any of the test lines and selecting this option, it is possible to copy the selected line in “Search Test” and by selecting “Add” option in “Search Test”, add this line to the “Search Test” test lines table. / “SEARCH TEST” TAB After performing “Shot Test” and “Check Test” in “Distance” room, it is time to do “Search Test”. The purpose of this test is to find the Exact location of characteristic curve line .To perform a “Search Test”, first it is necessary to draw lines named “Search Line” in different parts of the diagram which is the same as the method explained for “Check Line”. And all of mentioned notes for check line is true for search line too. After drawing the “Search Line”, the software evaluates the crossing place of “Search Line” and tolerance lines as “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. By performing the test, the software interpolates the characteristic curve by testing some points on the search line to find the exact location of the characteristic curve. Other parts of this section such as “Fault Type” and “Remove All” and “Sequence” etc. options are the same at those of “Shot Test” section which have been explained in previous videos. The ignore field in the “Search Interval” is used when defined characteristic curve is not considered for the search line. / By entering a number in this section, some points are added on the “Search” line with the entered number as their distance. For example, by entering “150mΩ” in this field, you can see that there are points added on the “Search Line” with as much as “150m“of distance. If the test is performed, the points added on the “Search Line” are tested one after the other so that the exact location of the relay is specified. This option is used when there is no characteristic curve for the test or the current characteristics seem to be wrong. If you want to do this for all drawn test lines, you can use the “Setting” tab in “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. To do so, by entering the value of “Search Interval” and selecting “Apply to all” option, you can apply this settings to all test lines and find the relay characteristic. / “DISTANCE” ROOM SETTINGS, PART 1 In “Settings” tab it is possible for you to manage settings related to “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test”. In “Fault” section, the method of the test is specified. In addition to the test method, the amount of current or voltage of the test is specified as well. Generally, there are three methods to calculate the test current and voltage and all of these methods are available in the drop-down list in “Test Model”. The first method is “Constant test current”. After specifying the fault impedance, the test voltage can be easily calculated in a fixed current. Some of the parameters are set in accordance with the option selected in this field about which more be discussed later. / The amount of test current is specified in “I Test” field. As you can see this cell is in Purple which means that its value is dependent on a parameter in “Test Object” and is calculated using the relation defined for it. By right-clicking on this option and selecting “Link to XRio” you can see that the amount of test current is resulted from multiplying the nominal current by 2. You are allowed to change this number to any desired value. By manually changing this value, the cell turns pink if “XRio” file is loaded which means that the formula of calculating the test current is disabled. You can also enter the test current value manually by right-clicking on this cell and selecting “Remove Link” option. / “LL Same as LE” option enables the user to test either of phase to ground and phase to phase fault types with different currents. If this option is checked, all phase to ground and phase to phase fault types are tested with the same current and if this option is unchecked, you can specify a test current for each of fault types. When using the Constant test current test method, in “Maximum Fault Impedance” section, the maximum fault impedance in phase to ground, two-phase and three-phase “Fault Types” is calculated by using these formulae and are displayed. / If in constant current, the test voltage is more than the nominal value of the relay a prompt saying “Out Of Range” is displayed which means that the selected point is out of the allowed range. By checking “Allow Reduction of I Test” option, the software considers the voltage as the nominal value to calculate the intended impedance current and voltage and decreases the current value so that the shot point is placed in the injection range of the device. By checking “Allow Reduction of I Test” option, “V Max L-L” field is displayed which is the same as the nominal line voltage. You can see that this cell is in Purple which means its value is related to another parameter. By right-clicking on this field and selecting “Go to Linked Value”, you can see that this field is linked to “V nom” parameter and by changing this parameter the value of this field changes accordingly. Also, by right-clicking on this cell and selecting “Remove Link” option, you can enter this value manually. For example, in “Shot Test” tab, a point with a “30” ohm impedance is added to the points table. This point is located in the “Out Of Range” area and by opening “Vector View” window, the voltage and current values for this impedance are displayed. By checking “Allow Reduction of I Test” option, you can see that the voltage value changes to nominal voltage and the current value is reduced so that this point is placed in the injection range of the device. Note that when you are testing a wide range of the zone, the injected current must be bigger than the minimum “Pick up” current of the relay. If the relay uses the voltage dependent on the inception current, make sure that the test voltage is always smaller than the “Pick up” voltage set for the relay. / The second method is “Constant test voltage”. By specifying the fault impedance value and keeping the voltage fixed, the test current can easily be calculated. Some of the parameters are set in accordance with the option selected in this section about which more is going to be said. The test voltage value is specified in “V Test” field and the value entered in this section is considered to be fixed throughout the test. When you are using the Constant test voltage test method, in “Minimum Fault Impedance” section, the minimum fault impedance in phase to ground, two-phase and three-phase “Fault Types” is calculated using these formulae and displayed. / / / The third method is “Constant Source Impedance”. In this method, it is possible to specify the fault impedance source so that the test current value is calculated by using a constant impedance. You can use various modes available in “Mode” drop-down list to determine the fault Source type. By clicking on this field a list opens where you can select your impedance model and enter the value of the required parameters in “Source Type” table in accordance with the selected model. / In “Zs and KS”, “ZS1 and ZS0”, “RS, Xs, RSE, XSE” and “SIR and KS” modes, magnitude and angle of the source impedance and the grounding factor of the impedance, magnitude and angle of the source impedance in zero and positive sequence, real and imaginary sections of the source impedance as well as the relation of mentioned real and imaginary parameters, and magnitude and angle value of real and imaginary sections of the source impedance are entered respectively. In fact, in this section, “SIR” is “ZS/ZL”. In “Ssc and X/R” and “Isc and X/R” modes, the short circuit apparent power for three-phase and phase to ground mode and the “X/R” parameter relation in single-phase mode, and the short circuit current for three-phase and phase to ground and the “X/R” parameter relation in single phase mode are entered in “Source Type” table respectively. / If “KS=KL” option is checked, in the models mentioned in “Mode” field numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 only the first two parameters are adjustable and the other two parameters are disabled. This option is disabled in modes 5 and 6. By setting the parameters of any of the selected models, the software calculates the current or voltage value for the test which can be viewed in “Vector View” window. / In “Fault Inception” section, the fault inception angle can be determined in three ways. To better understand this, open “Signal View” window. If “Fixed Angle” is selected from “Model” slide field, you can enter the desired fault inception angle value in “Angle” field and view the angle changes in “Signal View”. By entering this angle, current and voltage phases shift at the same amount. By selecting “Maximum Offset” option, the software picks the maximum “DC Offset” value in the fault inception moment for the current waveform. The maximum positive “DC Offset” value occurs when the fault inception angle is equal to the impedance angle ±90 degrees. By selecting “Zero offset” option, a zero “DC offset” is applied to the current output. By checking “DC offset” option, in “Fixed Angle” it is possible to specify a “DC offset” value for the current output in the fault inception moment in any desired angle. / If for any reason you wish to use the group B voltage output in “Distance” test, you can do so by checking “Enable Voltage Output VB” in “Voltage Output” section and entering the intended voltage and angle values. You can view the waveform related to this voltage output in “Signal View” window. / “DISTANCE” ROOM SETTINGS, PART 2 In “Time” section, first the injection time before the fault is entered in “Prefault Time”. In cases where the “PTs” draw inrush current, by checking “Ramp in Prefault” option, it is possible to increase the waveform of the voltage signal in prefault in form of a ramp to prevent stop applying voltage because of the drawn inrush current. In “Max Fault Time”, the maximum fault injection time is specified in form of “Abs” or “Rel” which itself consists of three parts. Note that if in a “Shot” point, the “Max Fault Time” is shorter than maximum allowed “Trip” time, the result of the evaluation will be wrong. If you are using the “Max Fault Time Abs” field, you need to enter a time in seconds for the maximum fault injection time For all points; but to increase the test speed, you can use “Max Fault Time Rel” option. / By checking this option three other options appear. By entering a number in “Add %of Tnom”, the fault injection time in every point equals the test point nominal time plus percentage of the nominal time entered in this field. This means that if the test point nominal time is 10 seconds and 5 percent is entered in this field, the maximum fault injection time equals 105 percent of the test nominal time which is 10.5 seconds. But in “Add Absolute” field, the fault injection time is entered as the sum of test point nominal trip time plus the time entered in this field. If time is entered in these 3 fields, the software picks the highest value. For points that are in “No Trip” zone, it is possible to enter a separate time in “No-Trip Time” field. / In “Post Fault Time”, the injection time after the fault is entered. “Delay after Trigger”, is used to enter the key trigger time. By right-clicking on the related field and selecting “Go to Linked Value”, you can see that it is linked to “CB Trip Time” and if necessary, you can replace it with your desired value by selecting “Remove Link”. In “Time Reference”, by selecting “Fault Inception”, the “Trip” time is calculated from when the fault is injected. But by selecting “Starting”, the “Trip” is calculated from when the “Pick-up” contact is received from the relay. In “Load Current PreFault Current” section you can specify the settings for the phase and current related to “PreFault”. In “Amplitude” section, by selecting “Based on Current” radio button, the “PreFault” current is entered in terms of Ampere which is the same for all test points. But by selecting “Based on IFault”, the “PreFault” current is entered according to the fault current which is different for every “Shot” point. In “Phase” section, by selecting “Based on Degree” radio button, the current angle in “Prefault” is entered which is the same for all “Shot” point but by selecting “Same as Fault Angle” radio button, the “Prefault current angle” is the same as the fault current angle which is different for every “Shot” point. / In “Search Setting” section, the settings related to “Search Test” are specified. As mentioned before, a “Search Test” arrives at a conclusion only if one of the three conditions of this section is met. The first condition is “Relative” which means that if the difference between the test point value and the previous point is less than the percentage specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The second condition is “Absolute” which means that if the difference between the test point and the previous point is less than the value specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The third condition is “Max point number” which means that the test is to be performed as many times as the number of points entered in this field at max and the last point is the result of the test. But if for any reason, the nominal characteristic determined for the relay is not available, you can use “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. By doing so, the software ignores the existing characteristic. Then, based on the step entered in “Search Interval”, it adds shots on the “Search” line. For example, a line is drawn in “Search Test” section. Then, "200mΩ" is entered as the value for “Search Interval” and “Apply to all” is selected. You can see that some points with the same step are added on the “Search” line. By running the test, you can see that the test starts from the lowest point and once one of the three mentioned conditions is met, the test comes to result. Also, if necessary, you can ignore this option by selecting “Disable all”. / / By selecting “Shot Passed Only Act in Main Zone” option, only if the performance time of the relay in the shot point is located in the allowed range of the main zone the test “Passes”. For example, if this option is checked and a shot is added to tolerances of zone 2, the test “Passes” if the relay operates only in the time of zone 2 which is “95” ms to “150” ms; otherwise, with any other performances by the relay, the test “Fails”. But if this option is not checked, the allowed performance time of the relay is “95ms” to “No Trip” and if the relay does not give a trip in this point, the test “Passes”. “Test Passed Only Act in Zones” option is used for “Search”, “Check” and “Shot” tests. By checking this option, the test “Passes” when the relay performance in the tolerances, is only the time of one of the two zones. For example, if this option is checked and a shot is added to zone 1 and zone 2 tolerance area, if the relay operates in “28.5” to “80” ms or “95” to “150” ms the test “Passes”; otherwise the test “Fails”. This can also be done for “Check” and “Search” tests. / In “Trigger” tab you can specify the desired binary to receive the “Pickup” and “Trip” signals of the relay as well as stopping the current injection. The settings and explanation of this section are exactly the same as mentioned for “Trigger” room and “Sequencer”. In “Binary Output” tab, if it is necessary for the relay to view the conditions of the key, it is possible to take any needed voltage to the “Binary Input” through “Binary Output” of the device by voltages of “B” or “Aux Dc” groups. This tab has three modes of “Prefault”, “Fault” and “Post Fault” and it is possible to manage each of them separately. / / IMPEDANCE VIEW WINDOW As mentioned before, one of the main windows of Distance room is “Impedance View”. This window shows the relay characteristic curve based on the settings entered in “Test Object” window. This window has some shared and some unique features. The features available by right or left clicking on this window are common to all rooms and it is not necessary to explain them here but at the bottom of this window there is a gear by clicking on which some other useful options are displayed. By clicking on “Zoom During Test”, if one or multiple “Search” lines are drawn on the characteristic curve, by running the test you can see that the software zooms on the areas where the test points are located and shows the found zone line. / If you select “Optimize All” option, by changing the “Fault type”, the characteristic curve display is “Optimized”. By using “Pan Mode” you can move the characteristic curve diagram as desired. By using “Show row number” you can view the row number of any test point or test line on the characteristic curve. If you wish to see which “Zone” is the “Main Zone” of every point on the characteristic curve, you can check “Show Zone Number” option. By using “Show Zone number” the zone number of any test point or test line will be shown on the characteristic curve. By using “Show all zone”, test zones of all “Search” points are marked with a circle to find the characteristic curve line. By selecting “Show selected zone”, only the points of the line selected from “Search line” table are marked with a circle. / By clicking on “Show all t act point”, the operating time of the tested points is shown. Since maybe the points are close to each other and it is not possible to view the times clearly, you can use “Show selected t act point” option which shows the time of the row selected from the test points table. “Show all Z act Point” and “Show selected Z act Point” options are used to show all result of “Search Test” and the points related to the row selected from the “Search Test” table respectively. By selecting “Snap to grid” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are shot close to the grids snap to the grids of this page. By selecting “Snap to characteristic curve” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are “Shot” close to the characteristic curve grid snap to it. / About polygon or “Quad” zones tolerances it should be noted that the rounding of the tolerances occurs where the zone lines intersect. The reason for this is related to the definition of tolerance. Suppose a %5 tolerance; the tolerance is the geometric location of all points which have a %5 distance from the zone line. According to this definition, the tolerances turns into a semicircle where the zone line ends. In sections where the tolerances of a zone overlap, the union of tolerances are considered as the tolerances of zone. Therefore, based on the angle of the two intersecting sides of the zone, a part of the external tolerance zone turns into a curve. / “ZT DIAGRAM” AND “MEDIUM DETAIL VIEW” WINDOWS Test points and their characteristics in “Medium Detail View” To start first open “Medium Detail View” window from the toolbar and move it to an appropriate location. Characteristics of every point are displayed in “Medium Detail Window” with details. This window consists of two tables of “Shot data” and “Zone data”. In “Shot data” table, the information related to time, impedance, test point as well as current and voltage of the test point are shown. “Zone data” table is composed of two main parts. In the first part, general information related to relay zones along with the allowed operation time for each one is displayed and it is the same for all selected points. But the second part of this table changes according to the selected test point. / For example, if a point in zone 2 is selected, the general information of the zones will be displayed in “Zone Data” table without any change. But in “Is in Zone” column in the second table, it is specified that in which zones the selected point is located. In “Is in Tol” column it is specified whether the selected point is located in the tolerance zone or not. In “Zone Index” column, the main zone related to the selected test point is specified. If the point is located in only one zone, that zone will be considered as the main zone but it should be noted that if the point is located in multiple zones, the zone with the shortest nominal time will be considered as the main zone. / “ZT Diagram” window and points related to “Check Line” and “Search Line” To open “ZT Diagram” window, “View” menu or the toolbar should be used. On this window the time diagram based on impedance, according to the operation characteristic of the relay zones along a specific angle is displayed which the most important application of this in the software is finding the test points for “Search Test” and “Check Test”. Note that the diagram on this window is linked with “Impedance View” and any point that is “shot” on one of these two windows will be “shot” on the other window accordingly. In the curve of this window, the vertical lines are the border of zones and between the two vertical lines, the time-impedance characteristic of the zones in the angle specified by the user is displayed. On this window, tolerances are displayed with dotted lines and yellow zones. / Let us use an example to explain how this diagram works. If “Test View” is on “Shot Test”, and 0.5 ohm and 65 degrees are entered in “Z” and “Phi” fields in “ZT Diagram” window respectively, you can see that the point corresponding to this “Shot” is displayed on “Impedance View”. Note that in “Shot Test”, the values of “Angle” and “Phi” are the same because “Angle” refers to the angle of the line drawn from the point specified in “Origin”, with “X-R” diagram as its origin. By specifying it, the variation of time – impedance curve in “Angle” is displayed in “ZT Diagram” window. This means that if the “Angle” is 65 degrees, “ZT Diagram” shows the time variation based on the impedance in this angle. In this angle, the impedance moves from zone 1 with 30 ms to zone 2 with 100 ms and then moves from zone 2 up to “No Trip” zone. By moving on this diagram and clicking on its different sections, you can see the movement of “Magnet Cursor” in “Impedance View”. / To make it clear, if in “ZT Diagram” window, the “Angle” is changed to 40 degrees, you can see that the “ZT Diagram” changes because in 40 degrees angle, the impedance only changes from zone 1 to “No Trip”. In fact, by changing the angle, the “ZT” curve changes according to the zones available on its impedance course. In this diagram, you can see two blue dotted lines which the left side line indicate the “|Z|=0” line which is the minimum allowed impedance value. As you already know, impedance cannot be smaller than zero. The right side line indicates the selected point. / But in “Search Test” and “Check Test”, “Angle” is there angle of the drawn line “Phi” is the origin impedance angle of “Search Line” or “Check Line”, and values of them are different. For example, if in “Check Test” a “Check Line” is drawn from zone 1 to “No Trip”, you can see the time based on impedance diagram in “ZT Diagram” window in the angle where the line is drawn. In this diagram you can see two blue dotted lines where the first line indicates the start point and the second line indicates the end point of the “Check Line”. Note that in this state, the “|Z|=0” line is the start or origin point of the “Check Line” and the other blue line is the end point of the “Check Line” and the distance between these lines is the length of the “Check Line”. / An important point for understanding the concept of “Check Test” is that when a “Check Line” is drawn, the software starts moving on the line and adding a “Shot” on places where the tolerance is broken on the “ZT Diagram”. Here, as you can see, since there are three fractures along the “Check Line” in “ZT Diagram”, three “Shots” are added. In this case, the difference between “Search Test” and “Check Test” is that in “Search Test” the software does not add a “Shot” on all tolerance fractures on the “Search Line” but from the zone line towards both ends, it only adds a “Shot” to the first tolerance fracture. / Another point is that if you draw a “Search Line” or “Check Line” like this figure, you can see that in addition to adding “Shots” on places where the tolerance is fractured on the “ZT Diagram”, the software adds a “Shot” inside the zone and in the middle of the “ZT” characteristic accordingly. To explain this, if the line drawn from within a zone crosses a zone with different operation time but no point is “Shot” from that zone, the software adds a “Shot” to a point on “Search Line” or “Check Line” in the middle of its characteristic in “ZT Diagram” and “Impedance View”. / RELAY SETTINGS IN “DIFFERENTIAL” ROOM, PART 1 In “AMT Differential” room, differential relays and longitudinal differential “End to End” test is performed. Differential relays work by comparing the currents in both sides of the equipment and measure and compare the current in both sides of the protected equipment which is used to protect power transformers, motors, generators and busbars. Note that to perform this test, both Current group A and B are activated and if you intend to use Neutrik cable for the test, you need to select “Current” as “Combination Cable” in “Preferences” section in “Hardware” section. “Differential” room consists of two main windows of “Test View” and “Differential Characteristic”. In “Test View” window, “Shot”, “Check”, “Search” and “Stability” tests are performed. In “Differential Characteristic” window, the relay characteristic curve is displayed according to the information entered in “Test Object” based on “I bias” and “I diff”. // / As mentioned before, to test a relay, first it is necessary to enter its information in “Test Object” window. In “Device” block, information such as relay nominal characteristics, serial number, location of the relay as well as “CT” and “PT” characteristics of the relay are entered. This section has been thoroughly explained in previous videos. “Differential” is the main block of this room by double-clicking on which, “Differential Protection Parameters” window opens. This window consists of “Protected Object”, “Protection Device”, “Characteristic Definition” and “Harmonic” tabs where the settings of differential relay are entered. // “Protected Object” tab In “Protected Object” tab, the information related to the protected equipment is entered. In “Protected Object” field, first, the type of the protected equipment is selected among transformer, generator, motor and busbar and here transformer is selected. In “Vector Group” section, the transformer vector group which is entered in “Nominal Values” section is displayed. In “Number of Winding” section, the number of windings of the transformer is specified. If the transformer has three windings, a column named “Tertiary” appears in which the information of the third winding is entered. Here two-winding transformer is selected. In “Nominal Values” section the nominal information of the transformer is entered in “Primary”, “Secondary” and “Tertiary” columns for primary, secondary and tertiary sides, but since here the transformer has two windings, the “Tertiary” column is disabled. In “Winding/Leg Name” row, it is possible to enter an English or Persian custom title for the winding. In “Voltage”, “Power”, “Vector View” and “Connection Number” fields, the nominal voltage of the two sides of the transformer, the nominal power of the transformer equal in both sides, connection type of the two sides of the transformer and vector group number of the transformer are entered respectively. If there is a null point in the star direction of the transformer, select “Yes” in “Star Point Grounding” field. For example, if the transformer vector group is “YND11”, after specifying the transformer wiring type in “Vector Group” and its vector group number in “Connection Number”, in “Star Point Grounding” field “Yes” is selected in the primary column. In “Current” field, the nominal current of the both sides is calculated by the software based on the entered voltage and power which is not editable. In “Delta-Connected CT” field, if the “CTs” are wired in delta form “Yes” is selected otherwise “No” is selected. Then, in “CT Nominal Current” section, nominal information of the “CTs” in the both sides of the device are entered separately. Note that for this section the differential and bias current calculations are done according to the calculated current and the entered turns ratio but if from “View” menu, “Primary” is selected as “Unit”, primary currents of the both sides of the transformer in “Vector View” are displayed according to the “CT” turns ratio entered in “Device” block. In “Star Point Grounding” section the turns at which the null point of the “CTs” is located is specified. If the null point is located at the protection equipment Transformer side “tow.Pro.Obj” is selected otherwise “Toward Line” option is selected. “Protection Device” Tab After entering the characteristics of the protected equipment in “Protected Object” tab, it is necessary to enter the relay characteristics in “Protection Device” section. First, “lbias” formula is entered from “Ibias Calculation” field which consists of “seven” main formula. One of these formula should be selected form the relay manual and “Factor K1” is entered based on the selected formula. Generally, the characteristic curve is different for single-phase and multiple-phase faults but by checking “No Combined Characteristic” option, the differential characteristic curve will be the same in single-phase and multiple-phase faults mode. After drawing the characteristic curve, the complementary explanations are provided. / In “Reference Winding” field, the direction of the reference winding is determined which is selected in accordance with the relay settings. By selecting the reference winding direction, the angle in that end is considered to be 0. Since differential and bias currents are calculated and displayed based on the nominal current, it is necessary to select the nominal current of the relay among “CT” and nominal current of the protected equipment in “Reference Current”. For example, if “Current Protected Object Nominal” is selected for “Reference Current”, and “Idiff=2In”, “In” is the nominal current of the equipment whose information is displayed in “Protected Device” tab, “Nominal Values” section and “Current” field. But, if “CT Nominal Current” is selected, “In” is “CT” nominal current whose information is entered in “Protected Device” in “CT Nominal Values” section. In “Zero Sequence Elimination”, if the related relay supports zero sequence elimination in measurements, you can select the zero sequence elimination type in “Elimination Type” field. This feature has been put in relays so that if there is a phase to earth fault outside the protective zone, the existence of zero sequence current does not stop the relay. However, this makes the relay less sensitive to phase to earth fault. In “Test Time Setting/Transformer Model”, ”Test max” and ”Delay Time” fields specify maximum time of fault current injection and delay time after receiving ”Trip” contact, respectively. In ”Diff Current Setting”, ”Idiff” field is related to first stage and “Idiff” is related to second stage. Note that for currents lower than ”Idiff”, for Every bias current of the relay is stable and does not perform a trip. But currents bigger than “Idiff” indicate a fault near the transformer wiring and the relay performs an immediate trip without considering the bias current. But, between “Idff” and “Idiff” currents, the relay operation is based on the characteristic curve and there is no delay in the operation. In “Current Tolerances” you can enter the current tolerance in two forms of “Relative” and “Absolute”. Note that the software takes into account the highest value between these two. In “Diff Time Setting”, “Tdiff” field is the allowed operation time of the operation zone between “Idff” and “Idiff”, and “Tdiff” is the differential currents bigger than “Idiff”. In “Time Tolerances” you can enter the current tolerance in two forms of “Relative” and “Absolute”. Note that the software takes into account the highest value between these two. RELAY SETTINGS IN “DIFFERENTIAL” ROOM, PART 2 After entering the information in “Protected Object” and “Protection Device” tabs, it is necessary to enter relay differential characteristic curve in “Characteristic Definition” tab. In this tab it is possible to enter the characteristic curve in two ways. / 1- By clicking on “Draw Custom” option, “Draw Custom Characteristic” window opens where there are several “Template” of differential characteristic curve for different relays available. The relay type is specified in “Object” section. After selecting the relay type, the information needed to draw the differential characteristic curve is displayed in “Data” section in accordance with the relay settings. For example, by selecting “Siemens 7UTX” relay, the information needed to draw the differential characteristic curve is displayed. In “I” and “I”, “Slope1” and “Slope2”, and “Base point1” and “Base point2” fields, the minimum and maximum differential current specified in the relay, the slope of the first and second lines, and the crossing point of the first and second lines with “I bias” curve are entered respectively. To better understand the parameters of “Data” section, on the right side of this window the characteristic curve shape of each relay is sourced from its corresponding catalogue and the parameters are determined schematically. After entering this information, the differential characteristic curve of the intended relay is displayed in “Preview” section and in the box at the bottom, the start and end point information are mentioned according to “I bias” and “I diff”. Also, the slope of the line is displayed in “Slope” section. By clicking on “Draw” option, the settings are saved and the differential characteristic curve is drawn using the “Template” of the intended relay. / 2- The second method to enter the characteristic curve is using the features available in “Characteristic Definition” window and it is necessary to enter the information of every line of the characteristic curve separately. First, the information of “I” and “I” fields are entered. By entering the information of these two sections and closing the “Test Object” window, the differential characteristic curve is displayed in “Differential Characteristic” between the two entered numbers. After returning to “Characteristic Definition” tab in “Differential” block, first, all lines of the characteristic curve are removed by clicking on “Remove All” and then after entering the start point and end point coordinates of the first line of the relay curve in “New Start Point” and “New End Point” sections, “Add” option is selected. The slope of the line is calculated by the software in “Slope” field. Note that the slope of the differential line cannot be negative. Now the end point of the second line is entered and then “Add” option is selected so that the second line is added to the curve. Note that the end point of the second line is the same as the start point of the first line and this is why the “Start Point” section is disabled for the second line. By clicking on “Zoom All” option after entering the characteristic curve information, the curve is displayed completely in the box on the right side. In the box at the bottom of the page, the information of each section line of the characteristic curve is displayed separately. If you wish to remove a part of the characteristic curve, first, the part that you wish to remove is selected from the table and then “Cut from Here” option is selected. In the end by clicking on “OK”, the relay differential characteristic curve is displayed in “Differential Characteristic” window. By checking the “Show Final Search” option, if you have performed a “Search Test”, the result of the last “Search” will be displayed in the differential characteristic curve shape. For example, if you draw a line on the characteristic curve and perform a “Search Test”, and after clearing, return to “Characteristic Definition” and check the “Show Final Search” option, you can see that the result of the last “Search Test” is displayed in the form of a green “+” plus sign on the curve. By completing the “Differential Characteristic” tab, the “Harmonic” tab is completed as well. In this tab, the information related to harmonic characteristic of the relay for “Differential Harmonic” or “Inrush Blocking” test is entered. This test is performed in “Diff.Harmonics” room so all parameters of this section are thoroughly explained in “Diff.Harmonics” room. // INTRODUCING “TEST VIEW” WINDOW IN “DIFFERENTIAL” ROOM, PART 1 As mentioned previously, one of the windows in “Differential” room is “Test View”. This window consists of 7 tabs of “Shot Test”, “Check Test”, “Search Test”, “Stability”, “Setting”, “Trigger” and “Binary Output”. In “Shot Test” tab, you can select fault type and the points for the test and after the test is performed, you can view the results of the evaluation. In this tab, in “Test Point” section “Idiff” and “I bias” currents and in “Fault Type” section the fault type are determined. After specifying the test current, the fault type should be selected from among the standard faults available in “Fault Type” section. These faults include different faults of phase-to-earth, two-phase and three-phase. Before specifying the current and the fault type, you should determine “Supply Direction” in “Setting” section. // By clicking on “Add”, the selected test point is added to the table in this window. By selecting one of the rows and clicking on “Insert” option, the selected row is repeated in the table and by clicking on “Remove” option, the selected point is removed. Also, by selecting “Add to” option, it is possible to copy point or points selected for one of the “Fault Types” to another “Fault Type”. By clicking on “Remove All” option, all test points entered in the table will be removed. By clicking on “Sequence” option, “Sequence Test Points to” page opens where it is possible to specify test points with equal steps. In “Step” section and in “Step On” field, by selecting “Angle” it is possible to directly specify the angular steps in terms of angle. // This means that the test points are specified in accordance with the origin point and in “Origin” section, they are determined in a way that the required angles are resulted in proportion with the horizon. For example, if the start and end angles are “45” and “90” degrees respectively with “5” degrees steps and origin point for Idiff and I bias equal 5 times In, by approving this settings you can see that some points are added on the “Differential Characteristic”. For example, the last point is selected; by doing the mentioned calculation, in the picture you can see that the resulted angle is “85” and not “90” degrees which is because the “Origin” point is considered as one of the points and the last point of this “Sequence” is removed. / But by selecting “Direction”, an angle is specified in “Angle” field and in this angle from the “Origin” point, with the length entered in “Length” field and with the steps specified in “Step Size”, some points are shot on the characteristic curve. Note that the length and steps of the points are based on nominal current. For example, if the angle is “45” degrees and the length is “5” and the step is “0.5” times the nominal current and the origin point is “0” amp, by approving this settings you can see that some points are added to the characteristic curve at the angle of 45 degrees with the origin of “0” volt and “0” amp. // If the performed test has “Failed” points, by selecting “Clear All Failed Tests” option, it is possible to clear all these points from the table of this section. In “Detail” section, the information related to “Trip” nominal time, the allowed operation time range, actual time and test point evaluation are entered in “t nom”, “t min” and “t max” fields, “t act” and “Stage” fields respectively. The test points are entered with detail in the table at the bottom of the page. The details include test evaluation, test current, nominal time, operation time, fault value in terms of percent and seconds and the minimum and maximum operation time. Also, if you wish to add a comment about any of the test points, you can use the “User Comment” cell. At the end of this page, it is possible to select test points table from different “Fault Types”. // After performing the “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test” are performed. In “Check Test” the upper and lower tolerances of the relay, which are displayed as dotted lines in “Differential Characteristic”, are tested and evaluated. To perform the “Check Test”, first it is necessary to draw some lines named “Check Line” in different parts of the vector. To draw this line, first from “Origin” section in “Check Line” section, the start point of this line is specified. In “Idiff”, “I bias”, and “Angle” fields, 2In, 3In and -30 degrees are entered as origin differential current, origin bias current and the angle of the check line respectively. Also, 1In is entered as the length of the check line in the cell of the “Length” section. Note that the drawn “Check Lines” must have at least one intersection with one of the characteristic curve tolerance lines. Then click on “Add” option to add the “Check Line” to the “Check Test” test lines table. / Another method for drawing the “Check Line” is to hold down left-click and “Ctrl” key on “Differential Characteristic” window and then move the cursor in the desired direction on the characteristic curve. You can see that the information of the drawn “Check Line” is displayed in “Check Test” lines table. After drawing the “Check Line”, the software evaluates the crossing place of “Check Line” and tolerance lines as “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. Here, after performing the test, the relay does not perform in lower tolerance and performs a trip in the upper tolerance so the result of the test is “Pass”. Other parts of this section such as “Fault Type” and “Remove All” and “Sequence” etc. options are the same at those of “Shot Test” section which have been explained in previous videos. The only additional option in this section is “Copy to Search”. By marking any of the test lines and selecting this option, it is possible to copy the selected line in “Search Test” and by selecting “Add” option in “Search Test”, add this line to the “Search Test” test lines table. INTRODUCING “TEST VIEW” WINDOW IN “DIFFERENTIAL” ROOM, PART 2 “Search Test” Tab After performing “Shot Test” and “Check Test” in “Differential” room, it is necessary to perform “Search Test”. The purpose of this test is to find the characteristic curve line. To perform a “Search Test”, first some lines named search line should be drawn in different parts of the vector. The method for drawing these lines is the same as the one explained for check line. To draw this line, first the start point of this line is specified in “Search Line” section, “Origin” section. In “Idiff”, “I bias” and “Angle” fields, the origin differential current 2In, the origin bias current 3In and search line angle -30 degrees are entered respectively. The length of the check line 3In is entered in the cell of “Length” section. Then, click on “Add” option to add the check line to “Check Test” test lines table. // Another method for drawing the search line is to hold down left-click and “Ctrl” key on “Differential Characteristic” window and then move the cursor in the desired direction on the characteristic curve. You can see that the information of the drawn Search Line is displayed in “Search Test” lines table. After drawing the search line, the software evaluates the crossing place of search line and tolerance lines as “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. By performing the test, the software interpolates the characteristic curve by testing some points on the search line to find the exact location of the characteristic curve. “Ignore” field in “Search Interval” section is used when you wish to ignore the characteristic curve specified for the search line. By entering a number in this section, some points are added on the “Search” line with the entered number as their distance. For example, by entering 0.4 in this field, you can see that there are points added on the “Search Line” with as much as 0.4 of distance. If the test is performed, the points added on the “Search Test” are tested one after the other so that the exact location of the relay is specified. This option is used when there is no characteristic curve for the test or the current characteristics seem to be wrong. If you want to do this for all drawn test lines, you can use the “Setting” tab in “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. To do so, by entering the value of “Search Interval” and selecting “Apply to all” option, you can apply this settings to all test lines and find the relay characteristic. “Stability” Tab: “Stability” test is performed in this tab. In “Stability” test, for zero “I diff” differential current, for every “I bias” the relay must not perform a trip. If you hold down the “Ctrl” key and click on the characteristic curve, you can see that the shot points are located at the bottom of the characteristic curve and on the zero differential current line. In fact, in “Shot Test” you can select different bias currents by zero differential current and perform a stability test. The other explanations for this page are the same as those for “Shot Test” tab and you can watch the video related to that section. / “DIFFERENTIAL” ROOM SETTINGS In this tab you can manage some of the settings related to performing the tests. In “Supply Direction” section, you can specify the injection and fault direction at the two sides of the protective device. By opening “Medium Detail View” window, you can see that on which side the fault point is located and by changing the “Supply Direction” type you can view that changes. Also, in this section it is possible to view the current amount, fault supplement direction etc. in “Fault Inception” section, the angle where the fault occurs is specified and the currents of the both sides are equally shifted. To better understand this, select “Signal View” from the toolbar and check “Voltage group A” from “Setting” and by changing the value of “Angle”, view the voltage and current signal changes. In differential test, if for any reason you wish to activate your voltages, you can use “Voltage Output”. // In “Time” section, first, the injection time before the fault is entered in “PreFault Time”. In “Max Fault Time” the maximum fault injection time is specified in two forms of “Abs” or “Rel” which consist of three parts themselves. About this time note that if in a “Shot” point the “Max Fault Time” is shorter than “Pick up” time, the result of the evaluation is wrong. If you are using the “Max Fault TimeAbs” field, you need to enter a time in terms of seconds for the maximum fault signal injection time for all of the points but to accelerate the test, you can use the “Max Fault TimeAbs” option. By checking this option, three other options appear. By entering a number in “Add %of Tnom”, the fault signal injection time in any point, equals the test point nominal time plus a percentage of the nominal time entered in this field. This means that if the test point nominal time is 10 seconds and 5 percent is entered in this field, the maximum fault injection time is 105 percent of the test nominal time which is 10.5 seconds. But in “Add Absolute” field, the fault injection time equals the sum of the nominal time of the test point trip plus the time entered in this field. If all these three fields are filled, the software picks the longest time entered. For points that are located at the “No Trip” zone, it is possible to enter a separate time in “No-Trip Time” field. In “Post Fault Time”, the injection time after the fault is entered. “Delay after Trigger”, is used to enter the CB trigger time. By right-clicking on the related field and selecting “Go to Linked Value”, you can see that it is linked to “CB Trip Time” and if necessary, you can replace it with your desired value by selecting “Remove Link”. In “Time Reference”, by selecting “Fault Inception”, the “Trip” time is calculated from when the fault is injected. But by selecting “Starting”, the “Trip” is calculated from when the “Pickup” contact is received from the relay. In “Load Current PreFault Current” you can specify the settings for the phase and current related to “PreFault”. In “Amplitude” section, by selecting “Based on Current” radio button, the “PreFault” current is entered in terms of Ampere which is the same for all test points. But by selecting “Based on IFault”, the “PreFault” current is entered according to the fault current which is different for every “Shot” point. In “Search Setting” section, the settings related to “Search Test” are specified. As mentioned before, a “Search Test” arrives at a conclusion only if one of the three conditions of this section is met. The first condition is “Relative” which means that if the difference between the test point value and the previous point is less than the percentage specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The second condition is “Absolute” which means that if the difference between the test point and the previous point is less than the value specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The third condition is “Max point number” which means that the test is to be performed as many times as the number of points entered in this field at max and the last point is the result of the test. But if for any reason, the nominal characteristic determined for the relay is not available, you can use “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. By doing so, the software ignores the existing characteristic. Then, based on the step entered in “Search Interval”, it adds shots on the “Search” line. For example, a line is drawn in “Search Test” section. Then, 0.5 is entered as the value for “Search Interval” and “Apply to All” is selected. You can see that some points with the same step are added on the “Search” line. By running the test, you can see that the test starts from the lowest point and once one of the three mentioned conditions is met, the test arrives at a result. Also, if necessary, you can ignore this option by selecting “Disable all”. / By selecting “Shot Passed Only Act In Main Zone” in “Other Setting” section, the test is passed only if the relay performance time in the shot point is somewhere in the allowed range of the main zone. This means that if this option is checked and a shot is added in the tolerance zone of the bottom of the characteristic curve and the relay gives a trip, the test fails because after checking this option, the relay performance is accepted only if it is at the upper zone of the characteristic curve. “Search Passed Only Act in Zone” is for “Search Test” and by checking this option, the “Search Test” is passed only if the relay trip is in the “Tripping” zone of the nominal characteristic curve of the relay. In “Passed Setting” section, by checking “Pass if Get Any Trip” option, regardless of the relay performance time, if the relay operates in the “Tripping” zone, the test passes. In “Trigger” tab you can specify the desired binary to receive the “Pickup” and “Trip” signals of the relay as well as stopping the current injection. The settings and explanation of this section are exactly the same as mentioned for “Trigger” room and “Sequencer”. In “Binary Output” tab, if it is necessary for the relay to view the conditions of the circuit breaker, it is possible to take any needed voltage to the “Binary Input” through “Binary Output” of the device by voltages of “A”, “B” or “Aux Dc” groups. This tab has three modes "PreFault","Fault", "Post fault" and you can configure each section separately. “DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC” WINDOW As mentioned before, one of the main windows of differential room is “Differential Characteristic”. This window shows the relay differential characteristic curve based on the settings entered in “Test Object” window. The top of the characteristic curve is called “Tripping” area while the bottom is called “Not trip” area. This means that if the test point is located at the top of the curve, the relay gives a trip otherwise it does not. This window has some shared and some unique features. The features available by right or left clicking on this window are common to all rooms and it is not necessary to explain them here but at the bottom of this window there is a gear by clicking on which some other useful options are displayed. By clicking on “Zoom during test”, if one or multiple “Search” lines are drawn on the characteristic curve, by running the test you can see that the software zooms on the areas where the test points are located and shows the found zone line. // / / If you select “Optimize All” option, by changing the “Fault type”, the characteristic curve display is “Optimized”. By using “Pan Mode” you can move the characteristic curve diagram as desired. By using “Show row number” you can view the row number of any test point or test line on the characteristic curve. By selecting “Show all zone”, test zones of all “Search” points are marked with a circle to find the characteristic curve line. By selecting “Show selected zone”, only the points of the line selected from “Search line” table are marked with a circle. By clicking on “Show all t act point”, the operating time of the tested points is showed. Since maybe the points are close to each other and it is not possible to view the times clearly, you can use “Show selected t act point” option which shows the time of the row selected from the test points table. “Show all Id & Ib Act” and “Show selected t act point” options are used to show all tested “Search Test” points and the points related to the row selected from the “Search Test” table respectively. By selecting “Snap to grid” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are shot close to the grids snap to the grids of this page. By selecting “Snap to characteristic curve” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are “Shot” close to the characteristic curve grid snap to it. / “Show Other Point” option: by selecting this option in single-phase faults such as “L1-E”, in addition to the shot points, another point is displayed on the “Differential characteristic” window in the form of a delta which in fact is the indicator of differential and bias current of the two other phases. This option is used in cases where the single-phase fault characteristic curve is different from the phase-to-phase fault. The reason for this difference is that in some areas, the relay does not perform a trip because of the differential and bias current of the phase being tested L1-E, but because of the differential and bias current of the two other phases. This means that if you have brought a general trip to the device to test single-phase fault such as “L1-E” and checked “NO COMBINED CHARACTERISSTIC” option, in some of the areas close to the characteristic curve the relay performs a trip for the “L1-E” fault but this trip is not the trip of the “L1” phase but it is related to current of the two other phases which can be also observed by using the characteristic of the delta point on the curve. If in same condition the “NO COMBINED CHARACTERISTIC” option is unchecked, you can see that this point is located at the “TRIPPING” zone. INTRODUCING “AMT DIFF. HARMONICS” ROOM “Differential Harmonic” test or “Inrush Blocking” test is performed in “AMT Diff. Harmonics” room. This room opens by clicking on “AMT Diff Harmonics” option. At the moment of initiation, power transformer draws a great deal of inrush current named “Inrush”. If the transformer is not completely “Demagnetized”, and has some residue, it makes it to draw a great deal of inrush current which can damage the transformer. One of the ways for detecting this inrush current at the moment of transformer initiation is to compare the secondary harmonic current with the main harmonic. / “AMT Diff Harmonics” room consists of two main windows of “Test View” and “Harmonic Restraint View”. “Shot”, “Check” and “Search” test are performed in “Test View” window and in “Harmonic Restraint View” the harmonic differential characteristic curve is displayed. This diagram is based on a percentage of the harmonic current of the “n”th level and “Idiff”. Note that in this window it is possible to manage the settings up to 20th harmonic and inject it into the relay. In this room, three current outputs of the device are used to perform the injection into the relay because the transformer turns via, three phases. / / Relay settings in “AMT Diff. Harmonics” Room As mentioned before, before testing the relay, its information must be entered in “Test Object” window. In “Device” block, information such as nominal characteristics of the relay, serial number, location of the relay and “CT” and “PT” characteristics of the relay are entered. This section has been thoroughly explained in previous videos. But the main block of this room is “Differential” by double-clicking on which “Differential Protection Parameters” window opens. This window consists of four tabs of “Protected Object”, “Protection Device”, “Characteristic Definition” and “Harmonic” where the differential relay settings is entered. / “Protected Object” Tab In this tab the information of the transformer on which the “Inrush Blocking” protection is done is entered. Frist, from “Protected Object” section, the “Transformer” option is selected. Other information of this tab such as the number of coils of the transformer, nominal voltage, nominal power, vector group characteristics and “CTs” characteristic should be entered at the two sides of the relay. This information is the same as that of the “AMT Differential” room and has been explained in previous videos. / “Protection Device” Tab After entering the transformer information, the information and differential relay characteristics are entered in “Protection Device” tab. This information includes determining the calculation formula of “I bias” or “I Restraint” current by the relay, determining the reference winding, specifying the maximum fault injection time and delay time after the “Trip”, entering the minimum and maximum differential current in the relay characteristic curve, entering the nominal relay operation time and specifying the current and time tolerances of the relay which are the same as “AMT Differential” room and have been thoroughly explained in previous videos. / “Characteristic Definition” Tab In this tab the information related to the differential characteristic curve is entered. This section is similar to “AMT Differential” room which has been thoroughly explained in previous videos. However, in this room, it is not necessary to enter the differential characteristic curve because in this room only the harmonic characteristic is displayed and “Inrush Blocking” test is performed. This information is mentioned here so that the “Xrio” file is correctly “Loaded”. / “Harmonic” Tab The information related to the harmonic differential characteristic curve of the relay is of entered in this tab. In “Harmonic” field, the harmonic level is specified and it is possible to specify the information second to 20th harmonic and inject it by the device. Note that, “n/a” in front of any harmonic level means that the settings related to that harmonic is not specified. In “Ixf/Idiff” field, which is disabled, the proportion of the “nth” harmonic to the differential current is displayed. In “Tol. Relative” and “Tol. Absolute” fields, the relay tolerances are entered in terms of a percentage of the nominal value or as “Abs” respectively and the software picks the highest tolerance amount as the reference. Next, the differential characteristic curve is entered based on the relay parameters. 20 percent and 45 percent are set on the level 2 and level 5 harmonic current relays. First click on “Remove All” to remove all previous lines. Then, after entering the start point coordination in “New Start Point” section and then end point coordination in “New End Point” section in terms of “Idiff” and “Ixf/Idiff” click on “Add” to display the information of this line in the table at the bottom of the page and display the characteristic curve in the diagram at the right side. Note that it is also possible to edit the start and end points from the box at the bottom of the page. To enter the fifth harmonic information, select 5 in “Harmonic” field and enter the start point and end point coordinates in the table at the bottom of the page. Then click on “Ok” and close “Test Object”. You can see that the second harmonic differential characteristic curve is displayed by default. / “TEST VIEW” WINDOW As mentioned before, one of the windows of “AMT Diff Harmonic” room is “Test View”. This window consists of 6 tabs of “Shot Test”, “Check Test”, “Search Test”, “Setting”, “Trigger” and “Binary Output” where in addition to performing “Shot”, “Check” and “Search” tests, respectively, some other test settings are managed. / “Shot Test” Tab In this tab, first in “Harmonic Order” field in “Test Point” section, the harmonic level that you wish to test is entered. Meanwhile, you can see that its characteristic curve is displayed in “Harmonic Restraint View” window whose setting are entered in Test Object. Differential current and the proportion of the second harmonic current to the differential current are entered in terms of percentage in “Idiff” and “Ixf/Idiff” fields respectively. In “Angle Ixf/Idiff” field, it is possible to specify an angle for the harmonic current. In “Fault Type” section, the fault type is selected from among single-phase to earth and three-phase faults because the transformers are either single-phase or three-phase and only these modes are tested. In “Details” section, the nominal “Trip” time and the maximum and minimum allowed tolerances are displayed. After performing the test, the relay performance time is displayed in “t act” field. By selecting “Add” option, the information of this “Shot” is added to the “Shot Test” table along with its details. The details include test evaluation, differential and harmonic current, test angle, nominal time, performance time, fault value in terms of percentage and seconds and the minimum and maximum performance time. Also, if you wish to add a comment about any of the test points, you can use “User Comment” cell. Also, at the end of this page, it is possible to select test points table in different “Fault Types”. / / By marking one of the rows and selecting “Insert” option, the marked row is repeated in the table and by selecting “Remove option, the marked point is removed. By selecting “Add to” option, it is possible to copy the point or points selected from one of the “Fault Types” to another “Fault Type”. By selecting “Remove All” option, all of the test points added to the table are removed. By clicking on “Sequence” option, “Sequence Test Points to” page opens where it is possible to create test points with the same steps. By selecting “Angle” in “Step On” field in “Step” section, the angular steps are directly added in terms of degrees. / This means that the test points are specified in accordance with the origin point and in “Origin” section in a way that the required angles are resulted in proportion with the horizon. For example, if the start and end angles are “45” and “90” degrees respectively with “5” degrees steps and 0.3 and 2 origin points for Idiff and I bias with 0 angle, by approving this settings you can see that some points are added on the “Harmonic Restraint View”. For example, the last point is selected; by doing the mentioned calculation, in the picture you can see that the resulted angle is “85” and not “90” degrees which is because the “Origin” point is considered as one of the points and the last point of this “Sequence” is removed. / / But by selecting “Direction”, an angle is specified in “Angle” field and in this angle from the “Origin” point, with the length entered in “Length” field and with the steps specified in “Step Size”, some points are shot on the characteristic curve. Note that the length and steps of the points are based on nominal current. For example, if the angle is “45” degrees and the length is “2” and the step is “0.1” times the nominal current and the origin point current and the second harmonic are “0”, by approving this settings you can see that some points are added to the characteristic curve at the angle of 45 degrees with the origin of “0”. After removing all of the points by using “Remove All” option and adding three new “Shots” to the table, the test runs and the relay performance is analyzed. If the performed test has “Failed” points, by selecting “Clear All Failed Tests” option, the results of these points are “Cleared” from the table and you can test the point again by right-clicking on its row and selecting “Apply Test”. / “Check Test” Tab After performing the “Shot Test”, “Check Test” and “Search Test” are performed. In “Check Test” the upper and lower tolerances of the relay, which are displayed as dotted lines in “Harmonic Restraint View”, are tested and evaluated. To perform the “Check Test”, first it is necessary to draw some lines named “Check Line” in different parts of the vector. To draw this line, first from “Origin” section in “Check Line” section, the start point of this line is specified. In “Idiff”, “Ixf/Idiff”, “Angle Ixf/Idiff” and “Angle” fields, 1In, 17 percent, 0 degree and 0 degree are entered as origin differential current, the proportion of the “nth” harmonic current to the differential current, the angle of the “nth” harmonic current and the angle of the “Check Line” respectively. Also, 5In is entered as the length of the check line in the cell of the “Length” section. In “Harmonic Order” field, the harmonic level is selected so that its curve is displayed. Note that the drawn “Check Lines” must have at least one intersection with one of the characteristic curve tolerance lines. Then click on “Add” option to add the “Check Line” to the “Check Test” line table. / / Another method for drawing the “Check Line” is to hold down left-click and “Ctrl” key on “Harmonic Restraint View” window and then move the cursor in the desired direction on the characteristic curve. You can see that the information of the drawn “Check Line” is displayed in “Check Test” lines table. After drawing the “Check Line”, the software evaluates the crossing place of “Check Line” and tolerance lines as “Shot” test in accordance with the performance of the relay. Here, after performing the test, the relay does not perform in lower tolerance and performs a trip in the upper tolerance so the result of the test is “Pass”. Other parts of this section such as “Fault Type” and “Remove All” and “Sequence” etc. options are the same at those of “Shot Test” section which have been explained in previous videos. The only additional option in this section is “Copy to Search”. By marking any of the test lines and selecting this option, it is possible to copy the selected line in “Search Test” and by selecting “Add” option in “Search Test”, add this line to the “Search Test” test lines table. “Search Test” Tab After performing “Shot Test” and “Check Test” in “AMT Diff. Harmonics” room, it is necessary to perform “Search Test”. The purpose of this test is to find the characteristic curve line. To perform a “Search Test”, first some lines named “Search Line” should be drawn in different parts of the vector. The method for drawing these lines is the same as the one explained for “Check Line”. To draw this line, first the start point of this line is specified in “Search Line” section, “Origin” section. For example, in “Idiff”, “Ixf/Idiff”, “Angle Ixf/Idiff” and “Angle” fields, 1In, 17 percent, 0 degree and 0 degree are entered as origin differential current, the proportion of the “nth” harmonic current to the differential current, the angle of the “nth” harmonic current and the angle of the “Search Line” respectively. Also, 6In is entered as the length of the check line in the cell of the “Length” section. In “Harmonic Order” field, the harmonic level is selected so that its curve is displayed. Then click on “Add” option to add the “Search Line” to the “Search Test” test lines table. After drawing the “Search Line”, the software tests the intersection location of the “Search Line” and tolerance lines as “Shot” and evaluates them based on the relay performance. Upon running the test, by testing some points on the search line the software starts interpolating the characteristic curve and determines its exact location. / “Ignore” field in “Search Interval” section is used when you want the intended “Search” line to ignore the specified characteristic curve. By entering a number in this section, some points are added on the “Search” line with this number as the distance between them. For example, by specifying “2In” in this field, you can see that some points are added on the “Search Line” with “2In” distance from each other. By clicking on “Add” option, this “Search Line” is added to the “Search Test” lines table. If the test runs, the points added on the “Search Test” are tested one after the other until the exact location of the relay characteristic curve is determined. This option is used when there is no characteristic to test or the characteristic that you have seems wrong. If you wish to do the same for all of the tested lines, you can use “Setting” tab in “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. To do this, by entering the value in “Search Interval” and selecting “Apply to All” option, you can apply this setting to all test lines and find the relay characteristic. / “SETTING” TAB In this tab it is possible to manage some settings related to running the tests. In “Supply Direction” section, it is possible to determine the direction of injection and fault at the two sides of the protective device for the test. To better understand this, open “Vector View”; here you can see that if “Fault_Primary_Supply_Secondary” is selected, three primary currents of the transformer are displayed in “Vector View while by selecting “Fault_Secondary_Supply_Primary”, three secondary currents of the transformer are displayed. Note that for “Inrush Blocking” test, three primary currents need to be injected. / In “Fault Inception” section, the angle where the fault occurs is specified that this angle shiftes currents of the both sides equally. To better understand this, select “Signal View” from the toolbar and check “Voltage group A” from “Setting” and by changing the value of “Angle”, view the voltage and current signal changes. If for any reason you wish to enable the voltages, you can do so by checking “Enable Voltage Output” from “Voltage Output” section and then you can enter the value of the voltage in the intended field. In “Coefficient for Fault” section it is possible to specify a coefficient for fault current values. “For Single Phase Factor” and “For three Phase Factor” fields are the fault current coefficients for single-phase and three-phase faults. By changing the fault current coefficient, it is possible to view the changes in “Vector View”. / In “Time” section, first, the injection time before the fault is entered in “PreFault Time”. In “Max Fault Time” the maximum fault injection time is specified in two forms of “Abs” or “Rel” which consist of three parts themselves. About this time note that if in a “Shot” point the “Max Fault Time” is shorter than “Pick up” time, the result of the evaluation will be wrong. If you are using the “Max Fault Time Abs” field, you need to enter a time in terms of seconds for the maximum fault signal injection time for all of the points but to accelerate the test, you can use the “Max Fault Time Rel” option. By checking this option, three other options appear. By entering a number in “Add %of Tnom”, the fault signal injection time in any point, equals the test point nominal time plus a percentage of the nominal time entered in this field. This means that if the test point nominal time is 10 seconds and 5 percent is entered in this field, the maximum fault injection time is 105 percent of the test nominal time which is 10.5 seconds. But in “Add Absolute” field, the fault injection time equals the sum of the nominal time of the test point trip plus the time entered in this field. If all these three fields are filled, the software picks the longest time entered. For points that are located at the “No Trip” zone, it is possible to enter a separate time in “No-Trip Time” field. In "Post Fault time" the injection time is entered in the post-error mode. The "Delay After Trigger" field is used to calculate the key operation time. We can access it by right-clicking on the relevant field and selecting "Go To Linked Value“. There is a link to "CB Trip Time". Then, you can select "Remove Link" and enter the value you want instead. In "Time Reference" by selecting "Fault Inception", the "Trip" time is calculated from the time the error was injected. However, by selecting "Starting", the "Trip" time is calculated from the time the "Pick-up" contact is received from the relay. In the "Load Current Prefault Current" section you can make the phase and current settings related to "Prefault". In the "Amplitude" section the current range in "Prefault" mode is entered according to the coefficient of the rated current and in the "Phase" section, the current angle is set to "Prefault" mode. / In “Search Setting” section, related to “Search Test” are specified. As mentioned before, a “Search Test” arrives at a conclusion only if one of the three conditions of this section is met. The first condition is “Relative” which means that if the difference between the test point value and the previous point is less than the percentage specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The second condition is “Absolute” which means that if the difference between the test point and the previous point is less than the value specified in this field, this very point is the result of the test. The third condition is “Max point number” which means that the test is to be performed as many times as the number of points entered in this field at maximum and the last point is the result of the test. But if for any reason, the relay nominal characteristic is not available, you can use “Ignore Nominal Characteristic” section. By doing so, the software ignores the existing characteristic. Then, based on the step entered in “Search Interval”, it adds shots on the “Search” line. For example, a line is drawn in “Search Test” section. Then, 0.5 is entered as the value for “Search Interval” and “Apply to all” is selected. You can see that some points with the same step are added on the “Search” line. By running the test, you can see that the test starts from the lowest point and once one of the three mentioned conditions is met, the test arrives at a result. Also, if necessary, you can ignore this option by selecting “Disable all”. / By selecting “Shot Passed Only Act In Main Zone” in “Other Setting” section, the test is passed only if the relay performance time in the shot point is somewhere in the allowed range of the main zone. This means that if this option is checked and a shot is added in the tolerance zone of the bottom of the characteristic curve and the relay does not give a trip, the test passes but if the relay gives a “Trip” the test fails. If the “Shot Passed Only Act In Main Zone” option is not checked, the performance time is between “20” milliseconds and “No Trip” and if the relay gives a “Trip” this point passes. By selecting the "Test Passed Only Act In Main Zone" option, the "Shot", "Check" and "Search" tests will "Pass", only after the relay operation time is defined only in the allowed range; for example if the relay operation rated time is "0" to "30" milliseconds and between the operating zone and "No Trip" a point in the tolerance zone is selected, if „Test Passed Only Act In Main“ option is checked, that time test will „pass“ which relay function is set in one of each ranges. Therefore, If the relay time is, for example, "40" milliseconds, the test result will be "Fail". If this option is not checked, the test result will be "Pass". In the "Passed Setting" section, by checking "Pass If You Get Any Trip", regardless of the time of operation of the relay, if the relay works in the "Tripping" area, the test will "Pass" test. In “Trigger” tab you can specify the desired binary to receive the “Pick up” and “Trip” signals of the relay as well as stopping the current injection. The settings and explanation of this section are exactly the same as mentioned for “Trigger” room and “Sequencer”. In “Binary Output” tab, if it is necessary for the relay to view the conditions of the circuit breaker, it is possible to take any needed voltage to the “Binary Input” through “Binary Output” of the device by voltages of “A”, “B” or “Aux Dc” groups. This tab has three modes of “Prefault”, “Fault” and “Post Fault” and it is possible to manage each of them separately. / / “HARMONIC RESTRAINT VIEW” WINDOW As mentioned before, one of the main windows of diff Harmonics room is “Harmonic Restraint View”. This window shows the relay harmonic characteristic curve based on the settings entered in “Test Object” window. The top of the characteristic curve is called “Tripping” area while the bottom is called “No trip” area. This means that if the test point is located at the top of the curve, the relay gives a trip otherwise it does not. This window has some shared and some unique features. The feature available by right or left clicking on this window are common to all rooms and it is not necessary to explain them here but at the bottom of this window there is a gear by clicking on which some other useful options are displayed. By clicking on “Zoom during test”, if one or multiple “Shot” or “Search” lines are drawn on the characteristic curve, by running the test you can see that the software zooms on the areas where the test points are located and shows the found zone line. / / If you select “Optimize AllChange Fault Type” option, by changing the “Fault type”, the characteristic curve display is “Optimized”. By using “Pan Modealt+mouse+click” you can move the characteristic curve diagram as desired. By using “Show row number” you can view the row number of any test point or test line on the characteristic curve. By selecting “Show zonesAll Search Lines”, test zones of all “Search” are marked with a circle to find the characteristic curve line. By selecting “Show zonesSelected Search Line”, only the points of the line selected from “Search line” table are marked with a circle. By clicking on “Show all t act point”, the operation time of the tested points is showed. If the points are close to each other and it is not possible to view the times clearly, you can use “Show selected t act point” option which shows the time of the row selected from the test points table. “Show all Id & Ih Act” and “Show selected Id & Ih Act point” options are used to show all tested “Search Test” and the points related to the row selected from the “Search Test” table respectively. By selecting “Snap to grid” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are shot close to the grids snap to the grids of this page. By selecting “Snap to Line” option, the points on the characteristic curve that are “Shot” close to the characteristic curve grid snap to it. / “OFFLOAD” TEST OF THE METER PART 1 To test Energy Meters, AMT Transducer & Meter room can be used. On “Start” page, the “AMT Transducer & Meter” room software is opened. This room is comprised of the two main windows of “Test View” and “Transducer Characteristic”; in “Test View” window, it is possible to perform a “Shot Test” for various quantities and compare the results with the meter characteristic. / / To begin the test, after completing the information in “Device” in “General Test Object” window, double click on “Transducer” option. On “Transducer Properties” page, it is possible to view a set of functions. To test the meter, two functions of “Wh” and “Varh” are used; here, “Wh” is selected. By selecting “Injection” option in “Input” section, it is possible to perform the “Offload” test of the meter by injection from the device. The other option is “Read from Binary” which is used to perform an “On Load” test of the meter. By selecting this option, it is necessary to enter the values into the inputs of the device using the clamps and interface cables. / / / In “Output” section, it is possible to specify the type of the output received from the meter. To test transducers and their corresponding outputs, by selecting “Current” or “Voltage” options, it is possible to take the output current and voltage values to the inputs 9 and 10 for measurement. To test the meter, if only the output values are being displayed on the screen, “Open Loop” option can be used. Here, “Pulse” option is used so that using the light sensor which comes with the device, the number of the output pulses of the meter is recorded. / / In „CT Star point Connection“ section, the connection related to the current transformers are specified. Usually and since the active power flows from the busbar toward the line, "Toward Line” option is selected. Selecting “Toward Line” is in accordance with the injection of the active power from the device to the equipment. If “Toward Busbar” is selected, 180 degrees are added to the angle of the current. / In “Full Scale Error Reference” section it is possible to specify the error recording reference which can be selected from a range of zero to the maximum or negative to the positive maximum. If the characteristic is asymmetrical the range is from zero to the maximum while if the characteristic is symmetrical, it is possible to select both options for error measurement. As for error measurement, suppose that for a transducer with a characteristic with the maximum input of 1 amp and output of 33 milliamperes, for a 0/5 amp current, the output of the transducer equals 16 milliamperes. In such a case, the error percentage is calculated as follows. / / This means that ideally, for a 480 milliamperes input, the output equals 16 milliamperes. Therefore, the absolute error value equals 20 milliamperes and the error percentage equals -4 percent: / Also, the “Full-Scale” error value of the transducer equals -2 percent. / This method is used for cases where “Full Scale Error Reference” is set at “0…+max”. If the characteristic is “Symmetrical”, the error calculation method should be selected from among “0..+max” and “-max…+max”. For the previous example, if the characteristic was symmetrical and “-max..+max” was selected, the following relation is used for “Full Scale Error” calculation. / In "Tolerance” section, it is possible to enter the error value as an absolute or a relative value; the default values are 1 milli pulse and 0/25 percent. Finally, a comparison is made between these two values and the larger value is selected as the allowed error value. In “Number of phases” section, it is possible to specify whether the meter is single-phase or three-phase. / / The test characteristic is specified in "Characteristic Definition” section. Since the meter characteristic is linear, “Linear” option is selected as the “Characteristic Type” and it is uneditable. / To specify the energy “Import” and “Export” values, it is possible to check the “Symmetrical” option so that there is a Symmetrical characteristic in both sides available. The “Minimum Value”, “Knee Point” and “Saturation range” fields are disabled for meter test but in “Maximum Value” section, it is possible to enter the amount of power and the number of pulses received in exchange for that amount of power. Usually, the meter factor or “c/r” is entered in this section. For example, the factor for a edmi mk6e meter equals 5000 Wh per pulse. / / Note that by using “Primary” and “Secondary” options at the top of the screen, it is possible to enter the values as primary or secondary in accordance with the meter type which needs to be done considering the CT and PT conversion ratios. / "Relative” and “Absolute” options are used for displaying the absolute or relative amount of the values. After entering the values, “Ok” is selected to continue with the test. After completing the information in "Transducer Properties” section, the “Hardware Configuration” settings need to be examined. By opening this window, you can see that the current and voltage outputs are set by default. / In "Binary/Analog Input” tab, you see that the Binary number 8 is selected to record the pulses of the meter by default. However, it is possible for the user to use any other binary if necessary. By clicking on “Ok”, the applied changes are saved. / To perform a test, a point on the characteristic must be selected which can be done using two methods: 1- Entering the values in the fields of “Test Point” section which means entering the related parameters including Wh value, number of pulses, test performance time and frequency. Then, by selecting “Add”, this point is added to the test table. / 2- Holding down the “CTRL” key and then clicking on the meter characteristic curve. / / On “Test View” page, by clicking on “Advanced View”, a page opens where it is possible to enter the voltage, current and their angle as well as the cos ∅ to be injected by the device. Moreover, in “Waveform” section it is possible to add phase shift and DC offset to the harmonic specified signals. After specifying these values, apparent, active and reactive powers are separately calculated for every phase and displayed in the box at the bottom of this section; if necessary it is possible to make changes from this section as well. / / / After adding the intended points, the test can be started and after the time specified in accordance with the pulses and Wh elapsed, the results are displayed. In performing this test, some points must be considered: 1- If a test point is specified in Wh mode, zero is entered as the value for reactive power by default and to change this, first the current angle needs to be changed from “Angle” field. / / 2- The time entered in “Time” field by the user changes in accordance with the characteristic curve of the meter. This change is in a way that the number of pulses changes to integer. / 3- Being “Out of Range” for the points in this test depends on the required time for performing the test. Since the maximum injection time of the device is 4000 seconds, if a test point needs more time for the test, that point becomes “Out of Range”; to change the state of this point, more voltage or current can be entered in “Advanced View” section. / 4- If a too large value is entered in “Wh” field, this value is recorded as “na” and by selecting “Add”, this point becomes “Out of Range”. / “OFFLOAD” TEST OF THE METER PART 2 In addition to the tests that the user can perform by specifying different points on the energy meter characteristic, in the offload section, 5 other tests available in this section are as follows: -Load Test -Mechanism Test -Injection Test -No-Load Test -Creep Test As mentioned in the first part, before performing any of the tests, we enter the information about the energy meter in the Test Object section. First, enter the CT and PT conversion ratio data, and then, in the Transducer Properties section, enter the meter constant. After confirming the entered information, select the test from the Test Mode to be performed and after adding the points, run the test. Load Test In this section, the voltage injection and current for a specific time is set to evaluate the number of pulses. Finally, the overall energy performance of the meter can be checked. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the error rate for measuring different elements in the meter. To execute the test, first go to the Advanced View section, here we need to adjust the active power in the supported range of energy meter. Then, we add three points with 5, 10, 15 pulses to run the test, and we run the test. As you can see in the Test Point section, information about watt-hour, pulses, test duration and time and its frequency can be set. Mechanism Test In this section, the injection of rated current and rated voltage is done for a certain period of time to evaluate the amount of transmission energy. The purpose of this test, in addition to evaluating the error rate in the overall measurement, is to evaluate the error rate of the device in measuring various elements. Since the number of pulses is not important, points can be entered for testing based on watt-hour and time elements. The evaluation conditions of this test are based on the use of the Open Loop feature so that at the end of the test, the user can enter the measured value manually. Injection test In this test, voltage and current are continuously injected to ensure the accuracy of the wiring as well as the initial function of the meter. Adjustable elements in the Test Point section for this test are: watt-hour, pulses, test duration and time, and frequency. To perform the test, add a dot and run the test. No-Load Test The focus of this test is injecting 150% of the rated voltage and zero current; to check the performance or non-performance of the meter. The relationship between the minimum test duration is specified as follows: / In this test, to achieve 150% of the rated voltage, the voltage limit should be changed from the Test Object section, if necessary. Then, the test should be performed by setting the voltage to 150% of the rated voltage. As you can see, there is no current injection in this section. Creep Test Injecting 0.5% of the rated current with the rated voltage is performed in this section to check the performance or non-performance of the meter. In this section, you can also add points to perform the test based on the amount of watt-hour, pulse or duration. After each test, you can view the results in the Report window by selecting the Report View option. “ONLOAD” TEST OF THE METER An introduction to Edmi Mk63 meter About “Edmi Mk63” that is the piece of equipment that we are going to test, this should be noted that this meter is basically an energy meter that measures varh, Wh and Vah basic values. Also, it is possible to measure a wide range of values instantaneously. In the picture of the cover of this meter depicted below, terminal blocks for measuring the current and voltage as well as the connectors for the pulse input and output optionally can be seen. / / Possible diagrams for meter terminals / The position of “Config” jumper in “MK6E” meter is displayed in this picture. This jumper is located on the right edge near the “Select” button. This jumper has two states of “Config” and “Secure”. To change the settings, the plastic jumper is taken out and placed on another set of pins. Connecting the upper and center pins puts the jumper in the “Secure” state while connecting the lower and center pins puts it in the “Config” state. / All current meters have “CT” to “VT” links between “TB1” terminals and ends number 1,2,4,5,8,9,12 and 13. Also, there is a static link between 12 and 14. To perform some tests, it is necessary for these links to be removed. / Position of CT to VT links / Power supply, voltage and current wiring in 3-wire and 4-wire structures The voltage nominal input differs in accordance with the type of the meter. Also, the current range is in accordance with the meter current range and should be limited to “Imax”. In 4-wire mode, the maximum line-to-neutral and the maximum line-to-line voltages are 290 and 500 volts, respectively. In 3-wire mode, the maximum line-to-line voltage equals 290 volts. In higher voltages, the meter cannot function appropriately and might get damaged. “TB1-1” and “TB1-11” are the two inputs considered for the side power supply voltage. “TB1-11” needs to be considered as the negative input in DC systems and as neutral in AC systems. The voltage input of the side power supply equals 110 VAC/VDC plus-minus 20 percent. Generally, it is possible to consider the following four combinations for the power supply: • Type I – VT power supply: used for most metering applications, especially in Low Voltage sites where when all the VTs are disconnected, the meter turns off. • Type II – LCD 24 volts side power supply with the local power supply: used in cases where it is necessary to read the meter even if the main power supply is not available. In such cases, a 24-volt battery power supply will be used to read the meter.• Type III – side power supply: for switchyard uses where the meter needs to be always on and there is enough space for the side power supply of the system. If for any reason, this side power supply is disconnected, the meter turns off. • VT Priority – along with the High Voltage auxiliary power supply with 200 to 240 volts range: in this state, naturally, the meter receives the necessary power from the VT circuits. When all of the VTs are disconnected, the changeover board activates and auxiliary terminals are used. • VT Priority – along with the Low Voltage auxiliary power supply with 57 to 120 volts range: in this state, naturally, the meter receives the necessary power from the VT circuits. When all of the VTs are disconnected, the changeover board activates and auxiliary terminals are used.This structure is most useful in cases where the VT burden is not problematic but the power supply is always available for protective systems. Default display screen / "The structure of the digits and symbols displayed on the screen from the top left are as follows: The two first characters of the first row of the screen stand for the direction of the var and var, respectively. “+” sign refers to positive energy / output / delivered and “-“ sign refers to negative energy / input / received. If the slot for these characters is empty, it means that the amount of energy equals zero. The third character that resembles a beating heart indicates that the meter is active and the display screen is up to date. The fourth, fifth, and sixth characters show the active rate for W, var and VA values, respectively, in form of numbers from 1 to 8. The seventh character indicates the state of the battery and means that that the battery is empty or unrecognized when turning on. If the Daylight Saving feature that refers to the daylight saving time is active, the letter D is displayed as the eighth character. The current time is displayed on the right side of the screen. The initial three characters at the bottom of the screen show the alarm status. The fifth, sixth and seventh characters at the bottom of the screen show the login state. L means login through the optical port Local, M means through the modem port and S means login through SCAD port. In the end, we can see the current date on the right side of the bottom. / Power direction graph In the above figure: Refers to voltage impedance angle in relation to the current and equals current admittance angle in relation to the voltage. Pulse outputs:The pulse outputs are capable of doing more than only showing the power usage. MK6E has a maximum number of 6 outputs that are directly located inside the meter. At the bottom of the LCD, there are two LEDs located on the meter that are used to assess the pulses produced in the accuracy test. These LEDs are connected to outputs number 1 and 2. The state of these LEDs is directly reflected on the TB3 outputs. The picture below indicates the state of EDMI MK6E terminals. In fact, TB5, TB4, TB3 and TB6 are the terminals in which the outputs are located. All of the outputs are voltageless contacts. These outputs are completely isolated from the other circuits and in some cases, have common terminals. BOSFET drivers are set at 110 nominal volts. / / / An important point is that for Active and Inactive times, the exact time is one percent shorter than the specified value. This amount will be even shorter if the system frequency is more than the nominal value. Therefore, the output will be lower as much as the same amount. Under normal conditions, these factors will not have any noticeable effect on the length of the pulse. It should be noted that this will only change the pulse time duration and the minimum off-time of the LED but not the rate of the pulse. If during inactive times, the rate of the pulse is zero or less than zero, the output will remain active. If the rate of the pulse decreases, the pulses will be recognizable one more time. If this time is too short, the pulses will not be backed up and will merge into one another. Therefore, to avoid missing the pulses in high load conditions, selecting the appropriate parameter is of great importance. Using the LED output to test the accuracy of the delivered Wh is a necessity. A 0.01 Wh/p pulse rate will be needed in the meter terminals. The light pulse must be 90ms long with a minimum interval of 50ms between the pulses so that the sensor can appropriately recognize the current process. The settings and combinations required for the test are as follows: No Inversion, 90ms active time, 50ms inactive time, parameter 0.01, All channels, W, Export + It should be noted that the EziView software has a built-in calculator for connecting to this meter that can help the user in adjusting the parameters for the pulse output. This tool can be used by clicking on the calculator when configuring the output in form of Pulsing. This calculator enables the user to specify the system characteristic line-to-line voltage or line-to-neutral voltage, current and the amount of load and determine the pulse output rate. / Using the pulse outputs for the test: The easiest way to test the accuracy of the meter is to use the LED pulse or output pulse. This test is similar to performing a test for meters with spinning disc. Pulse outputs are configured using the EzView software. To achieve the best results, the pulse rate must never exceed 10 pulses per second. Also, the test must be at least 10 seconds long. Testing the meter and the software settings: To test “Energy Meters” or meters in online mode or under load, “AMR Transducer & Meter” room can be used. As mentioned before, this room is composed of “Test View” and “Transducer Characteristic” main windows. Since the function of each of these options has been explained before, repeating them does not seem necessary. To begin the test, the user needs to double click on “Transducer” option after completing the information in “Device”, in “General Test Object” window. There is a set of “Functions” available on “Transducer Properties” page. To test a meter, two functions of “Wh watt-hour” and “Varh var-hour” can be used and here “Wh” is selected. To perform an “Onload” test, the user needs to select the “Read from Binary” option in “Input” section. By selecting this option, the values are entered into the “Inputs” of the device using the clamps and interface cables. The output type of the meter can be specified in the “Output” section. To test the meter, if only the output values of the meter are being displayed on the screen, the “Open Loop” option can be used. Here the “Pulse” option is used so that by using the light sensor that comes with the device, the number of output pulses of the device is recorded. The connection related to the current transformers needs to be specified in “CT Star point connection” section. Since normally the active power flows from the busbar toward the line, “Toward Line” option is selected. In “Tolerance” section, it is possible to enter the fault value in two forms of absolute and relative and the default values are 1 millipulse and 0/25 percent. Also, in „Number of phases“ section, it is possible to select from among single-phase or three-phase in accordance with the meter type. The test characteristic is specified in „Characteristic Definition“ section. Since the meter characterisic is linear, the „Characteristic Type“ is set at „Linear“ and cannot be changed. “Saturation Range”, “Knee Point” and “Minimum Value” fields are deactivated for the meter test but in “Maximum Value” section, it is possible to specify the amount of power and the number of pulses received in return. Usually, the meter factor or “c/r” value is entered in this section. For example, the factor for an edmi mk6e meter equals 5000 watt-hour per pulse. After completing the informatioin in „Transducer Properties“ section, the settings in „Hardware Configuration“ need to be examined. By opening this window, the user can see that the current and voltage outputs are configured by default. Also, in „Binary/Analog Input“ tab, the user can see that binary number 8 is selected to record the meter pulses by default. However, it is possible to use a custom „Binary“ of the device as well. " The only difference between onload and offload tests of the meter is that the inputs need to be prepared to record the values measured using the measurement equipment clamps. To do this, the user only needs to click on “Test Hardware Configuration” option in the “Binary Input Calibration” section and assign the available binaries to record the values of current and voltage in accordance with the meter characteristic or that it is either single-phase or three-phase. By default, binaries number 2, 1, and 3 are assigned to record the voltage while binaries number 5, 6, and 7 are assigned to record the current values measuring using the clamp. Using the “Sum”, “Mul”, and “Deg” parameters, it is possible to edit the measured values in different conditions in accordance with the measurement equipment being used. For example, if a clamp shows 1 volt in the output in return for 10 amps, by measuring a 15 amps current, our binary will receive 1.5 volt. Therefore, by entering factor “10” in “Mul” section, this value can be edited. As another example, if our clamp has a 0.5 degree phase measurement error, this item can be edited through “Deg” section. In “Sum” section it is possible to perform a “DC” shift that is not of use in this test. By selecting the option in “Analog Output” section in “Test Hardware Configuration” window and entering the values of current and voltage, it is possible to calibrate the binary inputs. To perform the test, the user only needs to specify the inputs of the intended binary and then, begin the process of measuring the elements of current and voltage to compare with the meter characteristic. It should be noted that in “Online Values” section, the power, voltage, current and other elements related to the meter are displayed and updated instantly. TRANSDUCER TEST To perform a transducer test, AMT Transducer & Meter room can be used. This room consists of two main windows of “Test View” and “Transducer Characteristic”. In this section, it is possible to test single-phase and three-phase transducers with symmetric performance characteristics such as active and reactive power characteristics or asymmetrical ones. To begin the test, the user needs to double-click on „Transducer“ option after completeing the data in „Device“ section in „General Test Object“ window. On “Transducer Properties” page, it is possible to view a set of “Functions”. For a transducer test, the user can select from among functions such as active power, reactive power, apparent power, frequency, current, voltage, power factor, load factor, phase in degrees, mean current, DC current, DC voltage, DC power and line to line voltage. Some of these parameters can be measured in single-phase state, some in three-phase state while some can be measured in both states. In accordance with the transducer type and its manufacturer company, this equipment can have different inputs and even in some cases, several inputs simultaneously. Finally, these inputs will be converted into analog signals. On the other side, the transducers can also have binary outputs which are activated as soon as the specified characteristic goes past a certain limit. In some other cases, it is possible to use the output binary signals as a counter that produces a pulse based on the measured energy. The type of output received from the transducer is specified in “Output” section. To test transducers and in accordance with their output, it is possible to take their output current and DC voltage to the inputs of the device for measurement by selecting “Current” or “Voltage” option. Otherwise, “Pulse” option can be selected so that the number of pulses are recorded. “Open Loop” option makes it possible to record the values in transducers that only display the output on the screen that is located in front of the user. So a window asking the user to enter the values manually appears. The connection related to the current transformers is specified in “CT Starpoint Connection” section. since normally active power flows from the busbar toward the line, “Toward Line” option is selected. Selecting “Toward Line” is in accordance with the injection of active power from the device into the equipment. If “Toward Busbar” is selected, 180 degrees are added to the current angle. / Connection of a sample transducer to CT and PT In “Full scale error reference” section, it is possible to specify the reference for recording the error which is specified as a range from zero to maximum or from negative to positive maximum. If the characteristic is asymmetrical, the range is from zero to maximum and if it is symmetric, both options can be selected for error calculation. Before this, in the video related to offload test of the meter a complete explanation about error calculation has been provided. In “Tolerance” section, the error value can be entered in form of an absolute or a relative value and the default values are 1 millipulse and 0/25 percent. In the end, a comparison is made between these two values and the greater value is selected as the allowed error value. About transducers, before anything, the accuracy class for different characteristics of power, current, voltage to frequency must be specified. This factor is obtained using the calculations and relations that are available in the manual of the transducer. In „Number of phases“ section, it is specified whether the transducer is single-phase or three-phase. The test characteristic is specified in „Characteristic Definition“ section. Since the transducer characteristic can be either linear or non-linear, symmetric and asymmetric options are available for „Characteristic Type“. Moreover, it is possible to select the appropriate option in accordance with the features of the transducer from „Linear“, „Compound“, and „Quadratic“. To specify energy “Import” and “Export” values, “Symmetrical” option can be checked so that a different characteristic from both sides is available. The minimum value for the input and output of the transducer is specified in “Minimum Value” field. If the compound performance characteristic option is selected, Knee Point needs to be specified as well. In fact, this point divides the characteristic into two parts with different ranges. The maximum value for the input and output of the transducer is specified in “Maximum Value” field. Also, the range of the performance characteristic is specified in “Saturation Range” field. It should be noted that by using „Primary“ and „Secondary“ options at the top of the page, it is possible to enter the values in form of primary or secondary in accordance with the type of the meter which should be done considering the CT and PT turns ratio. „Relative“ and „Absolute“ options are used to display the relative or absolute value of the elements. After entering the values, „OK“ is selected to continue with the test. "After completing the information in “Transducer Properties” section, “Hardware Configuration” needs to be examined. By opening this window, the user can see that the current and voltage outputs are adjusted by default. Also, in “Binary/Analog Input” tab it can be seen that binary #9 is considered for measuring the output milliampere by default. However, if necessary, it is possible to use any other binaries of the device. After applying the changes, by clicking on “Ok”, the changes are saved. To perform the test, the user only needs to specify the intended binary inputs and then begin the process of measuring the voltage and current elements in order to compare them with the transducer characteristic. Here we are going to perform the sample test on a transducer. The transducer is of the S3-WRD series which is a sample for reactive/active power measurement or watt/var. This transducer has a 0.2 percent accuracy for the output rate. The S3-WRD series is available in three different models of S3-WRD-1, S3-WRD-3 and S3-WRD-3A. Their difference is in how they are used in single-phase and three-phase systems as well as three-wire and four-wire systems.. Also, it is possible to use these transducers with 1 and 5 amps input currents as well as a vast variety of voltage inputs. The model we are analyzing is S3-WRD-3 and a picture of its wiring can be seen in the following. / For example, for a 230 watt var output, this transducer gives a 4 milliampere output with 1 amp of input current and 132 volts of input voltage. If the output power is zero we will have 12 milliamperes and if it is 230 watts, we will have 20 milliamperes in the output. Considering these values and the linear characteristic of the transducer, it is time to test this equipment. In the first step, by running the AMPro software, we enter the AMT Transducer & Meter environment. Before anything, by clicking on “Test Object Parameters”, the information related to the transducer is entered in “Device” section. This information includes the title/explanation for the transducer, the manufacturer company, type of the device, installation location of the equipment and the serial number. In “Nominal Values” section, values related to CT secondary and PT are entered in accordance with how the test is performed. Now, after accepting these items, by double-clicking on “Transducer”, the user enters the “Transducer Properties” window. By selecting the intended function which here is active power, the output is set at Current. By enabling the “Symmetrical” option, it is made possible to also evaluate the negative values. In “Minimum Value” section, 230 watts is entered as the input value and its corresponding output which equals 4 milliamperes is entered. In “Maximum Value” section, 230 watts is entered in secondary form as the value and the corresponding current for this output is specified to be 20 milliamperes. After accepting these, it is time to add the points on the characteristic and perform the test. A simple approach is to click on “Sequence” and specify the upper and lower limits of power and the number of test points so that the points are added in certain distances. By performing the test, it can be observed that the output values are recorded in accordance with the applied input. By enabling the display of Actual Value for binary #9, it is possible to view the waveform of the measured values in “Signal View” window in the software.After the test is finished, the intended elements are selected and the report is prepared. AN INTRODUCTION TO AMT SYNCHRONIZER To test synchronizer relays, “AMT-Synchronizer” room can be used. The synchronizer is a piece of equipment that is used to connect the generator to the grid that is being used and uses the voltage of both sides to examine the state of frequency and voltage and if the difference between the generator voltage range and frequency, and the grid is less than the specified limit, the connect command is issued. If the mentioned difference is more than the specified limit, the relay will not issue the command for the connection. In this case, the relay examines the generator frequency and voltage state compared to the grid. If any of these two parameters is lower or higher than the specified limit, the relay synchs the two systems by giving the command for an increase or decrease in the “AVR” and the governor. The synchronizer room has several pages and exclusive windows. The two main windows of this room are “Test View” and “Synchronizer Characteristic”. The “Shot Test” and “Synchronizer” tests are done in the “Test View” window. To perform a “Shot test” in this room, like the other rooms, the user only needs to specify a test point and perform the test. Also, the performance of the relay in synchronizing the two systems is tested in the “Synchronizer” tab. The synchronizer characteristic is displayed in the “Synchronizer Characteristic” in accordance with the information entered in the “Test Object” of this room. The tools available by right-clicking or left-clicking in this window and the cog at the bottom are common in all rooms. To enter the relay information for the test, the first thing is to enter the nominal information of the relay in “Device”. In this section, it is necessary to enter characteristics such as “PT” turns ratio and frequency. In the next step, the relay characteristics are entered after double-clicking on “Synchronizer”. Since these relays use voltage, in “Protection Device” tab, it is necessary to select the sequence of phases and the phases that are connected to the relay in “Rotation sense” and “Connected Voltages” for systems 1 and 2. Note that system number one is an infinite bus and system number two is a generator that needs to be connected to the grid. An important point is that when the system phases are wired as ACB, it is necessary to select L1-L3-L2 radiobutton. Also, if “Connected Voltage” on any of the phase-to-ground states is selected, the voltages of systems one and two are displayed in “Test View” in form of phase-to-ground. The key performance time is entered in the “Setting” section of this part and in the “CB Closing time” field and the phase shift that can come from intermediate equipment or a coupling transformer is specified in the “Transformer Group Phase Shift”. The nominal voltage of the system number two is entered in “VNom L-LSecondary” field and if this value is different from that of system number one, it needs to be specified. By specifying this value, the voltage difference that is resulted from the test will be in relation to nominal voltage of system number two and not the voltage of system number one. This means that if the nominal voltage of system number one is 110 volts and the nominal voltage of system number two is 100 volts and the allowed difference of these systems is specified to be 2 volts, the minimum and maximum voltage of system number two must be 98 and 102 volts, respectively. When the PT secondary turns ratio of the grid and the generator are the same, “Use Ratio of System 1” is to be used. For example, if the PT turns ratio of the grid is 400KV/110V and the turns ratio of the generator is 15.75KV/100V, since the secondary turns ratio of the two systems is not the same, the user needs to enter the PT secondary voltage of the generator or system number two in the “VNom L-LSecondary” field. The characteristic related to the relay is entered in “Synchronizing Window”. The characteristic entered in this section needs to be in accordance with the relay settings. The upper and lower limits of voltage difference and the upper and lower limits of frequency difference are entered in deltaV, deltaV, “deltaF” and “deltaF” fields, respectively. The relays mostly tend to issue a connect command in the “Dead Zone” range that is located between “deltaFmin” and “deltaFmax” parameters. The allowed angle difference of the system number 2 is entered in “deltaPhi” Nom field and is entered in delta Phi. For example, if the nominal angle of system number 2 is 30 degrees and the allowed difference is 20 degrees, by going to Vector View window, the user can see that the allowed connection range is determined to be between 10 to 50 degrees. Also, the allowed tolerances for different parameters and the minimum allowed connection time are entered in the fields on the right side. About the voltage that is being used for the test, it should be noted that the relays measure the applied voltage and if the nominal voltage is as much as 110 or 100, the user only needs to apply “VL1-E” and “VL2-E” for systems number 1 and 2 with the same value to the relay and this can be viewed in the “Hardware Configuration”. For example, if in the “Protection Device” in the “Connected Configuration” tab the two systems are set at “L1-L2” mode, by going to the “Hardware Configuration” window and in the “Analog Output” section, it can be seen that considering the selected mode, two sources are specified for the voltage that is being used for the test and that in fact, VL1_E plays the same role as “VL1-L2” of system number one and “VL2-E” plays the same role as “VL1-L2” of system number two. To better understand this, suppose that a 110 volts line-to-line voltage is used for system number 1 and for system number two, a 63.5 volts “VL1-E” phase voltage is used. To enter the information of such a system, it is necessary to enter “L1-L2” and “L1-E” as the Connected Voltage for systems number one and two, respectively. Also, 63.5*√ 3 or 110 volts is entered as the “Vnom L-L” for system number two. Now, by opening the “Test View” and “Vector View” pages, it can be seen that 63.5 and 110 volts are entered as the nominal voltage for systems number two and one, respectively. The next point is that only for system number one it is possible to select a three-phase voltage because only the Voltage groupA of the device is three-phase and as for system number two it is only possible to select a single-phase or line-to-line voltage. TEST VIEW WINDOW IN SYNCHRONIZER ROOM “Shot test” is the first test that can be performed on “Synchronizer”. To perform this test, first you need to enter the system 1 characteristics which is a simulator of the infinite bus and the system 2 characteristics which is a simulator of the generator. The amount of voltage difference, frequency and angle of systems 1 and 2 are entered in “DeltaVL-L”, “delta F” and “delta Phi” respectively. The amounts of voltage, frequency and angle are specified in the column at the right side of this box. Note that it is possible to directly specify the voltage, frequency and phase values of the system 2 in which case the amount of difference between the specified values with their nominal values is displayed in the column on the left side of this box. In performing this test, the characteristics of system 1 is fixed and for every test point, the characteristics of system 2 change. Other methods to add test points include clicking on the characteristic curve and selecting “Add” or holding the ctrl key and clicking on the intended point on the characteristic curve. Finally, after specifying the test point, the test is performed and in accordance with that whether the test point is inside the characteristic or outside it, the relay issues connect or disconnect command. The test point assessment is done in accordance with synchrony or non-synchrony of “Nom” and “Act” columns in “Assessment” section in the test point table. The characteristics of system 2 / the test point is specified in “System2” section. Other options of this section are the same as those of the other previously mentioned rooms. As an example, a point inside the connection zone and another point outside this zone are selected. By performing the test you will see that the relay gives a close command inside the zone and does not connect outside this zone. The second and the most important performable test is “Synchronizer”. To perform this test you need 5 outputs from the relay. In fact, this relay has 5 main outputs and by giving the raiser or lower command for voltage and frequency, the act of “Synchronizing” and connecting the unit to the network is done. These outputs, which should be connected to the device for the test, include “V”, “VM”, “F”, “F” which are used to raise voltage, lower voltage, raise frequency and lower frequency respectively. In “Trigger” tab in “Binary Setting” section, the settings of related “Inputs” can be specified. In this section, to receive the commands such as receive voltage raise command, receive voltage lower command, receive frequency raise command and receive frequency lower command, “B1:V”, “B2:V”, “B3:F” and “B3:F” are used respectively. Also “Close Command” is used to receive the close command from the relay. In performing this test, the inputs are simulators of governor and “AVR” which are commanded by the relay. This test in this tab is done in the way that when you select a test point and run the test, the relay enters the voltage and frequency of system 2 to the closing zone by giving the voltage and frequency change commands and finally, gives the close command. About performing this test it should be noted that it is necessary to enter “Generator Model” in accordance with the system characteristics because the changes in voltage and frequency are done in accordance with the pulses sent from the relay and the settings entered in this section. For example, if “0.1” is entered as “delta V/delta t”, if one one-second pulse is sent from the relay to decrease the voltage, the voltage decreases by 100 millivolts. But if a 500-milliseconds pulse is sent, the voltage decreases by 500millivolts. As an example, here a test point is selected and “1v/s” and “100mHz/s” are entered as “delta V/delta t” and “delta F/delta t” respectively. By running the test you can see that based on the signals received by the inputs from the relay, the characteristic enters the connection zone from the outside. As the final point, it is necessary to know that the time of each of the tests is specified in “Fault Time” section in “Setting” which, if necessary, can be changed. AMT VCC ROOM This room is designed to test different relays in the shortest possible time and in the form of using standard scenarios based on periodic testing regulation of Iranian power grid protection systems. You will see two windows by entering to the AMT VCC room. VCC Panel, which is actually the main window for selecting functions and test management. VCC Report View, will show you the relay test report. In the first step, simply upload the default template to the desired relay. This will be done by selecting an icon with the letter L. These templates are available in two categories for each relay. In the Fast Test section, you will see a limited number of tests. For example, in quick tests, there is no transient test. However, by selecting the other option, there will be a complete set of tests in front of you. As you can see, by loading the template, a variety set of tests for different functions will be in front of you. In the Nodes section, you'll see available subcategories to test each function. In the Summary column, a summary of the test status and whether it is successful or unsuccessful will be displayed. The three options of Inheriet Xrio, Inherit Hardware Config and Inherit Report Settings by being active, respectively, will make the user's chosen function inherit all settings from Xrio, hardware settings and report settings. However, by disabling them, you can apply the settings to each one and manually as you wish. The Open UI option will also allow you to manage the opening of the related window to each test. If you select Advanced View from the above section, more elements such as test window status, reporting status, test progress rate, and more will be observed. In the Root subset, the Xrio file is located first. By selecting this option and clicking the Open option, you can upload the Xrio received from the relay, which actually fits the active functions set. You can access the details by clicking on any other option and selecting Open. For example, by clicking HardwareConfigFile you can view and edit the default hardware configuration for current and voltage injection, as well as inputs and outputs of the test device. The Start Note option, which is located before testing each function, also provides the user with explanations to guide the test further. In this section you can enter the information that test man guide during the test. For example, you can place a note in the overcurrent protection function that indicates the overcurrent protection in your relay is an emergency type and can only be activated by blocking distance protection and can be tested. In the top part of the page, you can add or remove tests by clicking Add Item or Remove. For example, here we remove Switch Onto Fault, Recloser and VTS tests due to the inactivity of these functions in our relay as well as the shortening of the testing process. In addition, you can make it possible to change settings or points by disabling Inheriet Xrio. For example, for overcurrent protection, we applied settings manually and placed different points on the characteristic curve than those designed in accordance with XRIO. In the first stage of testing, Wiring Test is designed to check the current and voltage values injected from the device on the relay to ensure the correct wiring. Electrical Test is another option that, with three state including PreFault, Fault and PostFault, checks the relay conditions in different situations and ensures registering the trip when a fault occurs. As mentioned above, a set of tests for different functions is designed in the default template but it is possible to remove, add and manage the tests accurately for the user. In this way, you can determine the priority of performing different tests, disable some tests, and even more precisely, specify which tests to do with what values and in what range. You can check how the test is designed by clicking on each test and selecting Open. For example, you can view or edit points on the characteristic by selecting Zone Reaches for the Distance function. By running the test, you can check different functions. Finally, by right-clicking on the VccReportView window, you can have a complete management of the items that are going to be displayed in the report. For example, here we will perform the Micom P444 relay test in AMT VCC room. In the Configuration section, you can see the active or inactive status of the functions. In the subset group 1 of settings, you can also see details about each function's settings and values. In the PSL relay section, we also configured the inputs, outputs and leds for different functions. Now it's time to save the XRIO settings file. In the next step, we re-enter the AMT VCC room and first load the template related to the P444 relay. Now we prepare different function tests using the XRIO file that we took from the relay in the previous step. By running the test, you can control the test of different functions step by step. INTRODUCING “CURRENT TRANSFORMER CT” ROOM One of the instrument which can be tested by “AMT105” is current transformer or “CT”. “CTs” are very useful for converting the high current of an electrical system to a current measurable by relays and measurement devices. Generally, there are two types of “CTs” including “Measuring” and “Protection”. The difference between these two types is in their ratio accuracy or accuracy class as well as saturation level. Since “Measuring” “CT”s are used in measurement devices, when there is a fault, if the current entered this equipment increases too much, the equipment might be damaged. But “Protection” “CTs” are used in relays and since the performance of a relay is in accordance with the amount of fault current, these “CTs” should be able to move the fault current of the network to the secondary with the least possible error. In drawing the equivalent circuit of this transformer, the “CT” turns ratio is “1:N”. “Rp” and “Xp” equal the “CT” transformed to the secondary while “Xs” and “Rs” indicate the resistance and “CT” secondary leakage flux. In parallel branch, “Re” and “Rh” are indicators of losses of eddy current and the hysteresis respectively and “L” indicates the magnetization inductance or “CT” secondary self-inductance. In the equivalent “CT” circuit, unlike normal transformers, the parallel branch is located in the secondary side and this very branch is the reason for core saturation in high currents. Since the primary resistance and leakage flux in “CT” is insignificant, “RP”, “XP” and “Xs” can be ignored. By clicking on “Current Transformer CT” on the start page of the software, the “CT” test room opens. In tests performable by the “AMT 105”, RCT, saturation curve and the turn’s ratio are achieved with two methods of voltage or current. Moreover, measurement test of the burden connected to the “CT” secondary is performable by this device as well. “Test Object” and “Megger” tabs are used to enter the nominal information of “CT” and the results of “Megger” test respectively. / “Test Object” Tab: Any module to be able to perform a test needs some information about the equipment. This information is entered in “Test Object” section. The general information about “CT” which should be recorded in the report is entered in “General Information” section. The company’s title, the country, name and the address of the substation and installation place of “CT”, title of the manufacturer of “CT”, “Type” of “CT”, serial number of “CT”, title of the feeder on which “CT” is installed, phase number, “IEC” standard number written on the plaque of “CT”, number of cores of “CT”, number of taps of “CT” and additional information are entered in “Company”, “CT Serial Number”, “Feeder/Bay”, “Phase”, “IEC-ID”, “Core Number”, Tap” and “Additional Information” fields respectively to be added to the report. In “Extra Data” section, the test date in A.D., the information of the performer of the test and the information of the supervisor are entered in “Date”, “Tested By” and “Approved By” fields respectively. / By checking “Easy Mode” option in “Accessories” section, the wiring of the tests changes. This wiring is based on the board designed by Vebko Company for the “CT” test. The mentioned board is located on the front panel of the device and there are some relays placed on it which automatically manage the wirings of the front panel of the device which makes performing the test easier. The main information of the “CT” which has influence on the calculations of knee point and evaluation of the tests are entered in “Test Setting” section. The CT core type is selected from among “Measuring” and “Protection” in “Core Type” field. The accuracy class of the “CT” is specified in “Class” field. If the type of “CT” is “Measuring”, the accuracy classes available in drop-down field such as “0.5s” mean that in 100 to 120 percent of the nominal current crossing the primary “CT”, there may be measurement fault up to this percentage max. If the “CT” is “Protection” there are different accuracy classes one of which is selected according to the “CT” type and the information required for every “CT” is displayed in “Nominal Values” section. / For example, if “10P or 10Pr” is selected as accuracy class, based on “ALF” in “CT”, there may be up to 10 percent error in “ALF” times the primary nominal current. This means that if the “ALF” for a “CT” with an accuracy class of “10P” is “20”, in 20 times of the nominal current in the “CT” primary, if the nominal “Burden” is connected to its secondary, there may be up to 10 percent measurement deviation. In “Applied Standard” field, the standard used for the “CT” is determined. In “Class Multiplier” field, a factor is entered between “0.2” and “1” to be multiplied by accuracy class. This factor makes the “CT” accuracy class harder in turns ratio test. This means that if the “CT” accuracy class equals “10P” and its accuracy factor equals “0.8”, the maximum “CT” error in “ALF” times the primary nominal current is 8 percent. / In “Nominal Values” section, the nominal values are entered according to the type and class of the “CT”. Primary current, secondary current, nominal frequency, apparent power and secondary resistance in the temperature specified on its plaque usually 75 degrees are entered in their related fields. “Fs” or “Security Factor” indicates the measuring “CT” security factor and is defined as the ratio of instrument limit primary current to the rated primary current. Note that the actual “Fs” value is dependent on the burden of the “CT”. If the burden connected to the “CT” is lower than its nominal burden, the “Fs” value is increased and the “CT” is saturated in higher current. For example, when the “Fs” of a “CT” is “5”, this “CT” is saturated in 5 times the nominal current. / “ALF” or “Accuracy Limit Factor” is defined as the proportion of accuracy limit of the primary current to the nominal current. The value of actual “ALF” is dependent to the burden connected to the protective “CT” secondary and its value decreases as the value of the connected “Burden” increases. “CT” Power factor, apparent power of the actual burden connected to the “CT” and the ambient temperature which equals 25C are entered in “Cos phi”, “Actual Burden” and “Ambient Temperature” fields respectively. If the “CT” accuracy level is “X or PX”, “PXR”, “TPX”, “TPY” and “TPZ”, options such as “Exciting Current Ie”, “Kssc”, “Rb”, etc. are added to “Nominal Values” section which should be entered from the “CT” plaque. This information is used to estimate the knee point for excitation test. To view how these parameters work you can go to “Excitation Test” tab and by holding the “Mouse” pointer on the estimated knee voltage, view its relation. / / In “Winding Material” field in “Temperature Correction” section, the material used in the coils is selected from among “Copper” and “Aluminum”. In “Winding Temp” field, the current temperature of the “CT” coil is entered. Also, in “Reference Temp.” field, the reference temperature is entered to measure the resistance value of the coils so it can be used to correct the values measured in different temperatures. Normally, the reference temperature is written on the “CT” plaque in front of the secondary coil resistance which usually equals 75 degrees. In “Correction Factor” field, the temperature correction factor is calculated in accordance with the ambient temperature, reference temperature as well as the material of the coil which is not editable. In some cases, in the “Test Sheet” which comes with the “CT”, the coil resistance is measured in a temperature other than the one mentioned on the plaque. If you wish to enter the value of this resistance, by checking “R Man.Ref.Temp.” option, you can enter the resistance. In this case, this resistance and its temperature are considered as the reference and are added to the results table in the “R Man.Ref.Temp.” column in “Resistance Test” tab that the temperature which is measured by the manufacturer is based on the resistance and is measured and showed in this test. / The number entered in “RMS Accuracy” box in “Number of Period” field, shows the number of cycles used for calculation. By default, this number is set at “1”. As the number of cycle’s increases, the software uses more cycles in “AC” mode and more time in “DC” mode for calculations. By doing so, the number of calculations increases and the software speed is decreased but the result of the test will be more precise. / By clicking “Add to Report” option at the bottom of the page, this information is added to the report and then a message saying “The Report was added to the list” is displayed. By selecting “Report” window from the right side strip, it is possible to view the report. By clicking on “Delete Report”, the report added from “Report” window is removed from “Delete from Report” window. If “Set as default” option is selected, the entered information is saved and set as default and by opening “Current Transformer CT” room, this information is displayed. For the instructional videos of this section, a 10P10 protective CT with 500/1 as turns ratio, 50 Hz as frequency and 15 VA as Burden is going to be tested. / “SECONDARY BURDEN” TEST In this test, the “Burden” connected to the secondary “CT” is measured. In this test, by injecting the AC” current, and measuring “AC” voltage by using the “Binary/Analog Input” and dividing voltage by current, the value of “Z” and impedance angle and consequently “R” and “X” of the secondary route are achieved. To perform this test, the time and current of the test are entered in “State setting” section, in “I test” and “State Time” fields respectively. The specified current limitation for this field is “32” amps but a “5” amps current for “5”amp “CTs” and a maximum “1” amp current for “1”amp “CTs” would be enough. After entering the “State Setting” information, the wiring should be done in accordance with the illustration shown. Note that by double-clicking on the picture you can maximize it. To perform this test, first, you need to disconnect the “CT” from all parts that connect the current to measurement equipment. In this wiring, you should short circuit “Ia1” and “Ib1” current output phases and connect “Ia2” and “Ib2” phases to the route through which the “CT” current is transferred. / / / / / / / Also, to measure the “AC” voltage, you should connect the “Binary/Analog input”1 to the test route and further than the current injection connectors. Note that before performing the test it is necessary to press “Init Test” so that the device is configured automatically. By clicking on this option, the current and time settings of the test as well as the hardware settings related to “Hardware Configuration” including the device outputs and “Binary/Analog Inputs” are configured by the software automatically. In “Analog Output” tab in “Hardware Configuration” section, you can see that the wiring of the device is set at “32A” with the maximum “Burden” of “400VA” and the “Binary/Analog” inputs 1 is activated for measuring the voltage. To better analyze the test, “Table View”, “Detail View” and “Signal View” windows can be used. After opening “Table View” window you can see that a “State” with the frequency of “50Hz” and in accordance with the entered information is made in “State Setting” section. If you wish to view a more complete set of information of “Table View”, you need to use “Detail View” window. / / / / / / / / / / Performing the test and analyzing the results After doing the wirings, here, “1” amp and “2” seconds are entered as the current and time of the test respectively and after pressing “Init Test” the test will run. In “Signal View”, it is possible to view the actual current waveform and the voltage measured by “Binary Input”. By using the “Actual” values waveforms and the voltages recorded in “Signal View” it is possible to check the connections of the connectors. The results of the test can be viewed in “Result” section after the test is finished. The results include “linj”, the amount of injected current, “Vmeas”, the measured voltage, the impedance of the route, angle of the impedance and finally the values of “R” and “X” are displayed using “Z Cos phi” and “Z Sin phi” relations. In “Actual Burden” field, the amount of power which can be provided by the “CT” secondary in nominal current is measured and the result is displayed in this field by the software. In the end, after the test is finished, it is necessary to add the results of the evaluation to the report, which is done by selecting “Add to Report” in equipment test. / / / / Also, if you wish to add specific parts of the evaluation to the report or edit the report, you need to use “Add to Report” cog. By clicking on this cog, the items that can be added to the “Report” are displayed and you can simply uncheck whichever you wish to remove from the report. Note that after each test, the results are not added to the report automatically and it is necessary to add the results of the performed test to the output report by selecting “Add to Report” after each test and before clearing the Test. Note that if the “Burden” of the route is low and you wish to have a more precise measurement or the “Binary Inputs” number 1 and 2 are faulty, it is necessary to change the specified “Binary/Analog Input”. To do this, first press “Init Test”, then check “Don’t Change Hardware Setting” option and go to “Hardware Configuration” window, specify a different binary for the measurement in “Binary/Analog Input” tab. Here, as an example “Input” number 10 is selected and after adjusting the required settings, the test is performed and the results are viewed. If you wish to select one of the binaries “1” to “8”, it is necessary to enter their “Binary Input Target” in accordance with the number of the intended binary. For example, to use the binary number “7”, “Bin7” should be selected as “Binary Input Target” while for binary number “5”, “Bin5” should be selected. / / / / / / Two notable points in performing a test are that “Error Other” means that there is a problem in the connection of the wirings or the resistance of the current route is too high that the device is not able to provide the “Burden” needed to inject the current. Therefore, in case of facing this error, check the “Actual” value of the current from “Signal View”. If the current is injected from the device “Actual Current” but difference with the specified current is too high, the indicator of high resistance of the route and that the “Actual Current” equals zero indicates that the current injection route is open. If the route resistance is too high, the test current should be decreased and if the “Actual Current” equals zero, the connectors’ connection should be checked. The other point is that the voltage read by the binaries of the device need to have similar cycles. If the read values have a too high or zero tolerance, this means that the connectors are not connected correctly. / WINDING RESISTANCE TEST Winding resistance test is performed in “Resistance Test” tab. In this test by injecting “DC” current into “CT” secondary and measuring the voltage through “Binary Input” and dividing the voltage by current, the “DC” resistance or “Rmeas” is calculated. Note that in the software there is a row by default. If the “CT” has more taps, by right-clicking and selecting “Add” you can make as many taps as the rows and test each tap. To perform this test you need to enter the current and time in “State Setting” section in “I test” and “State Time” fields respectively. The current limitation is “32” amps but a “5” amps current for “5”amp “CTs” and a “1” amp current for “1” amp “CTs” would be enough. / After entering the information, you need to set the wiring according to the figure. Note that by double-clicking on the picture you can maximize it. In this wiring, first short circuit “Ia1” and “Ib1” then parallel “Ia2” and “Ib2” with the capacitor box and here you need to connect “Ia2” to “S1” of the “CT” and connect “Ib2” to “S2” after. The reason for using the capacitor box is to compensate the self-inductor effect of the “CT”. There are 3 “1000” microfarad capacitors in this box and the red port is the positive polarity while the black port negative polarity of the capacitor. To measure the “DC” voltage, you should connect the “Input1” to the “CT” and further from the current connectors. Then, connect the output current which has been paralleled with the capacitor to the “CT”. Note that to perform the test you should to right-click on one of the rows and select “Apply Test”. By doing this, the current and time settings as well as the hardware settings related to the “Hardware Configuration” including the outputs and “Binary/Analog Inputs” are adjusted automatically. In “Analog Output” tab in “Hardware Configuration” section you can see that the wiring settings is set at “32A” with a “400” Volt-amperes burden and the “Binary/Analog Input1” is activated to measure the voltage. To better analyze the test you can use “Table View”, “Detail View” and “Signal View”. After opening “Table View”, you can see that two zero frequency states are made by the information of “State Setting”. The first state is used so that the “CT” current exits the transient state and turns constant. The second state is used to measure the current and voltage and to measure the resistance. Now if you wish to view more information, use “Detail View” window. / / / Performing the Test and Analyzing the Results After wiring, “1” amp and “2” seconds are entered as test current and time and 10 RMS Accuracy is selected as time period and by right-clicking on one of the rows and selecting “Apply Test” the test is initiated. Note that in “Signal View”, the waveform of the actual current and the voltage measured by “Binary Input” is viewable. By using “Signal View” and the recorded current and voltage waveforms, it is possible to analyze the test and by using the “Actual” values and the recorded voltages, examine the connection of the connectors. / After the test is finished, by selecting the row in “Result”, it is easily possible to view the test results. The results include “Vdc”, the injected current, “Rnom” or “Max Rct”, the resistance measured in the current temperature, the resistance measured in the reference temperature and “Rdev” of the difference between “Rcorr” and “Rnom” in terms of percent. In “Correction Factor”, the current ambient temperature and the reference temperature as well as the material of the coil calculate correction factor. The information of this temperature is entered in “Reference Winding” field in “Test Object” and “Rcorr” is calculated by multiplying the “Rmeas” value by the “Correction Factor”. / Sometimes it is possible that in the CT test sheet, the resistance is measured in a temperature other than the one mentioned in the plate. If you wish to enter this resistance, you need to check “R Man. Ref. Temp.”. By doing so, this resistance and its temperature are considered as the reference. By doing this, in “Resistance Test” tab, “Temp. Manufacturer” column is added to the results table. In this column the temperature measured by the factory is calculated. In the end, after performing the test, if “Rcorr” is smaller than “Rnom”, the “Assessment” is passed, in otherwise it fails. After the assessment, you should add the results to the report via “Add to Report” in equipment test. / Also if you wish to add some specific parts to the report or delete and edit the report, you can use the “Add to Report” cog. By clicking on it, you can check the items that should be added to the report or if you don’t need them you can uncheck them. Note that after performing each test, the results are not automatically added to the report and it is necessary to add the results to the output report by selecting “Add to Report” after each test and before clearing the test. / In performing the test, note that in “Voltage Measurement Mode”, you need to select one of the radio-buttons in accordance with the maximum resistance specified in “Max Resistance” column. If during the test in the default mode an over voltage error appears, select “Bin01” with a maximum of “8” volts. If the measured resistance is less than the maximum resistance of the “Bin10”, use the “Input” 10 for more accuracy. Also, if you wish to use a different wiring for the current, select “Apply Test” at least one time before. Then check “Don’t Change Hardware Setting” and select your desired wiring in “Hardware Configuration” and then select “Apply Test” again. / / Two notable points are that “Error Other” shows that there is a problem in the wirings or resistance is too high that the device is not able to provide the “Burden” to inject the current. Therefore, if this error appeared, examine the actual value of the current in the “Signal View”. If the current is injected “Actual Current” but its difference with the set current is too much, the wiring resistance is too high and if “Actual Current” is zero, the route is open. If the resistance is too high, the current should be decreased and if the “Actual Current” equals zero, you need to examine the connections. The other point is that if the measured voltage is zero or has too high tolerances, it means that the connectors are not connected correctly. / / “EXCITATION TEST” TAB, PART 1 Transformer Saturation: Before talking about the Excitation test, it is necessary to review some important subjects related to analyzing behavior of transformers including equivalent circuit and some electric and electromagnetic analyses. You can see a transformer equivalent circuit in the figure. In this circuit, “RP” and “RS” refer to the primary and secondary coils resistance respectively which occur as heat loss and increase in the temperature of the coil. “XP” and “XS”, on the other hand, indicate a part of the flux whose path is through air and is known as “leakage Flux”. / In the parallel branch, “Rc” is the indicator of core loss including eddy current and Hysteresis losses which occur as increase in the temperature of the core. The reason for parallelism of “RC” is that the losses caused by it are in accordance with the square of the input voltage. “Xm” indicates magnetizing inductance of the wires wrapped around the core of the transformer. / Transformer Loading and Its Effect on Transformer Saturation When the transformer is put “on-load”, it causes the secondary current to increase. When it happens, the flux caused by the secondary coil increases as well. Also, after the secondary current increases, the primary current increases as well which leads to an increase in the flux of the primary side. But since the changes in the secondary side current are bigger, the flux of the secondary side will be more than the primary side. Because of the influence of the opposite side of these two in the equivalent flux of the transformer core, the flux of the transformer decreases. / As a result, while the load drawn from the terminals of the power transformer increases, the core recedes from the saturation area. Therefore, in full-load it is possible to use a small core for the transformer, but since transformer is not always used in nominal load, by reducing the core, the decrease in the load, leads to the saturation of transformer. Therefore, to avoid transformer saturation in light load and change the waveform from sine wave, it is necessary to extend the transformer core. CT Saturation Curve As mentioned before, the power transformer recedes from saturation by increasing the current whereas CT gets closer to the saturation area. The reason for this is related to the voltage of parallel branch where, in the power transformer by increasing the current, voltage of the parallel branch decrease. However, in “CT”, by increasing the current, the voltage of the parallel branch in the secondary side increases and the “CT” saturates. / “CT” saturation in a power system is caused by increase in the primary current because of occurrence of a fault, which disables the “CT” to move the fault current to the secondary with the correct ratio. Since the saturation point of “CT” is related to voltage and parallel branch current, while doing this test, the secondary voltage increases and the point where by increasing the voltage by 10 percent, the drawn current increases by 50 percent is considered as the saturation point. In future videos the ways to enter the values and do the test for different “CT”s will be provided. / / “EXCITATION TEST” TAB, PART 2 To perform this test, the first parameter to be entered is the “CT” secondary resistance. This resistance is used to estimate the knee point and is selected from “Max RCT” field by default. But if the resistance test has already been done, this resistance is selected from “Rmeas”. Note that, since some users skip the resistance test and try to directly perform this test, this field can be edited manually. / In the "Efs" field, the knee point is estimated using the formula. The importance of this number is in calculating "Vend" to determine the final voltage of test evaluation. The assessment of this test is based on the finding of the knee point, so that if the knee point is found, the test is "Passed" and otherwise "Failed". Once the resistance value has been specified, the test settings is entered in "State Setting". If "Demagnetize" option is ticked, before performing the test evaluation, the software once demagnetizes the "CT" with "AC" voltage and current. so that the residual flux caused by theresistance test is removed. In this section, you must enter the time "Demagnetize" and voltage in a percentage of "Vend". / In the next step if “Calc. from Test Object” is checked, the software calculates the frequency and final voltage of the test by using the information entered in “Test Object”. If you wish to enter this manually, you should uncheck this option. In “Excitation Time Test” field, the test time is entered. Note that, it is possible to show the saturation curve with less fluctuation by increasing the test time. In “Choose Current Measurement Mode” section, it is possible to specify the maximum current from among “Low Current” with maximum 500 milliamps and “High Current” with maximum 800milliamps. Note that by selecting any of these options, the wiring changes. / Performing the Test and Analyzing the Results In this test, the test information is entered is this page in accordance with the information entered in “Test Object” and the performed resistance test. Also, the wiring is done according to the CT specifications which are different for different models of “CTs”. Note that in this wiring, output voltages is connected to the capacitor positive output and it is necessary that the two negative polarities of the capacitors are connected to each other. Then the positive polarity of the second capacitor is attached to the "S1" "CT" and the "S2" is connected to the device. It should also be noted that series capacitors are used to filter the “DC” voltage of the device. By pressing “Init Test”, the needed “States” are created in “Table View” and the necessary changes are automatically applied in “Signal View”. Note that the voltage is displayed in “Signal View” in form of “RMS” and it is possible to change the view to sine by selecting “Instantaneous” option. After performing the test, in “Signal View” you can see that first the “CT” is demagnetized and then the excitation test begins. In “Lissajous” tab, the saturation curve can be viewed in terms of voltage and current. In this curve the linear area between the two plus signs is depicted in pink. After finishing the test, the knee point and the saturation point are depicted with green and the results and the evaluation are recorded in “Excitation Result” section. Since in performing this test the saturation curve points are of significance too, by selecting “Add to Report” option, the points used for the test are added to the report. / Another important point in an excitation test is the current which passes the primary of “CT” and causes the saturation. Since this current is related to the CT connected resistance, in “Calculation of Iprimary” section, the connected resistance should be entered in “RL” field and then view the current that causes the CT saturation in “Iprim” field. Here you can see the formula used to calculate this current. / If you wish to set the wiring in a way other than the suggested way, after clicking on “Init Test”, check “Don’t Change Hardware Setting”, then make your desired changes and initiate the test. Note that if before finding the saturation and knee points, an “Overcurrent” error is displayed, the wiring needs to be changed from “Low Current” to “High Current” and then initiate the test after pressing “Init Test”. If again before finding the knee point the device is displaying an overcurrent error, this means that the knee point current is higher than the Range of the device and it is not possible to find the knee point using this device. / CT “EXCITATION TEST”, PART 3 Saturation phenomenon and non-linear behavior in transformer As you know, inductor is a linear element but if its voltage exceeds a specific limit, the inductor is saturated and enters the non-linear area. What we mean by saturation of the inductor is the saturation of its core. In fact, when the voltage exceeds the threshold, the core loses its ability to pass more flux and so it is saturated and the inductor turns non-linear. But by drawing the saturation curve of a “CT”, you can see that there is also a non-linear area in the lower voltages. Up to now we have said that in higher voltages the inductor becomes excited and turns non-linear. To explain non-linear area in a lower voltage, the parallel circuit of a “CT” is drawn. In this parallel circuit, the turns ratio of the “CT” which is a transformer is “1:N”. “Rs” indicate the resistance of the “CT”. In the parallel branch, “Reddy” and “Rh” stand for Foucault and hysteresis losses of the coil and L stands for the magnetizing inductance of the “CT” secondary. To perform the excitation test, secondary of the “CT” is fed by voltage and check to see what non-linear element is causing the “CT” to show a non-linear behavior even in lower voltages. / / As mentioned before, the losses of core include Foucault and hysteresis. Therefore, to analyze the non-linear behavior of the transformer, we need to examine the Foucault and hysteresis losses. Foucault losses are caused by Eddy Current which occurs in the core segment because of time-varying flux in the core and voltage induction. Since the flux is directly dependent on the voltage, we can say that the Foucault losses are the result of a pure resistance. The relation of the Foucault losses is achieved through an empirical method and is as you can see: / In this relation, “B” is the flux density which equals “V/f”. By substituting this relation, Foucault losses can be rewritten as Pf= V2/Re. / From this relation it can be deduced that the Foucault losses are caused by a fixed resistance that are not dependent on voltage and cannot be the reason for the non-linear behavior of the transformer in lower voltages. So, it is only possible that the hysteresis losses are the reason for the non-linear behavior in the “CT”. Hysteresis losses occur in the core due to the residual magnetism. This means that passing of the magnetic flux through the metal core in a direction causes the core to be magnetized and turn into a weak magnet; so in the next half-cycle, a small amount of energy is lost to remove the magnetic effect of the previous half-cycle and this is being constantly repeated. The empirical relation of hysteresis is as you can see: / / The value of “x” depends on the material of the core and can vary from 1.5 to 2.5. Also, in this relation, “B” is the flux density which equals “V/f” and by substituting it, the Hysteresis losses can be rewritten as you can see: / From the resulted relation, it is obvious that the hysteresis resistance is non-linear and dependent on the its voltage / The effect of this resistance in the total equivalent resistance of the “CT” in the lower voltages is significant. But from a specific voltage upwards, the effect of this resistance decreases and causes the “CT” current and voltage relation to approach linearity. This causes the relation between voltage and current to be non-linear in a specific range in the lower voltages. / CT EXCITATION TEST, PART 4 Saturation Point and Frequency Variation As mentioned earlier, the core losses include eddy current and hysteresis and its model is as you can see here: Pf= Ke V2 Ph=Kh* Vx /fx-1= Ph= Kh * f1-x * Vx-2 * V2 Pc= Pe + Ph = Ke V2 + Kh * f1-x * Vx-2 * V2 By using this relation, we can obtain the Foucault and hysteresis resistance models which Foucault resistance model is linear and independent from the voltage while hysteresis resistance model is non-linear and dependent on the voltage. Re=1/Ke Rh= 1/ Kh * f1-x * Vx-2 If voltage is fed from the secondary side, since Rct and the current drawn from the source is clear, the voltage of the parallel branch is calculated using: E= Vterminal –RCT * I After calculating E, the core losses are calculated using: Pc= E*I *Cos phi By having the core losses value and its extended formula Pc= Ke V2 + Kh * f1-x * Vx-2 * V2 It is possible to calculate Ke, Kh and X by solving the three equations in the three variables system. To solve these equations, it is possible to apply three different voltages. But if the frequency is the same, its determinant turns zero and no answer can be obtained for the variables. Therefore, it is better to apply one of the voltages with a different frequency. In the first step of solving these equations with V1 and f1 as voltage and frequency, Ke and Kh*f1-x parameters can be obtained using a two equations in the two variables system. Pc1= Ke V12 + Kh * f11-x * V1x-2 * V12 Pc2= Ke V22 + Kh * f11-x * V2x-2 * V22 Now, if one of the voltages is applied along with f2 as the frequency, “x” is obtained and by substituting it in Kh*f1-x, Kh obtained achieved as well. By specifying these parameters, the resistance of Foucault and Hysteresis obtained. Pc2= Ke V22 + Kh * f11-x * V2x-2 * V22 Pc3= Ke V2^2 + Kh * f21-x * V2x-2 * V22 Due to voltage application limit for CTs with a very high saturation point, it is possible to find the saturation point in the nominal frequency by decreasing the voltage and frequency with the same proportion. Because the relation of the according flux is V/f. But does not changing the frequency change the CT system? To explain this subject, we need to examine those components of the CT that are affected if the frequency and voltage are changed. According to previous analyses, Rct is dependent on the material of the wire and Reddy to the material of the coil. In Xm branch, due to the proportional change of V and f and the stability of the flux, this branch remains unchanged as well. Therefore, the only parameter affected by the voltage and frequency is hysteresis resistance which was obtained. Rh= 1/ Kh * f1-x * Vx-2 Now suppose that to obtain the saturation point, the fed voltage and frequency are split in two. Is it possible to obtain the saturation point in the nominal frequency by multiplying the voltage and current by two? This will be clarified later. Suppose that the CT knee point is obtained by decreasing the frequency to 25 Hz with 500 volts of voltage and 15 milliamps of current. The voltage of the parallel branch is obtained using: EExc = Vterminal - Rct IExc Since now we have Ke، Kh and x, by dividing EExc by Reddy and Rh, Ia and Ih currents are calculated. By subtracting these two from IExc, the self-inductor current is obtained. According to this relation, Phi=L* I when the flux is fixed, the self-inductor current is fixed as well. Therefore, by doubling the voltage of the parallel branch, this current remains fixed. After doubling the voltage and frequency, as it is shoawn in this formula. Ieddy=2 Exct /Reddy Ih= 2 EExc /1/ Kh * f1-x * Vhx-2 = 2 EExc * Kh * 501-x * 2EExc x-2 Ie= 2 EExc * Ke The Foucault and hysteresis currents are calculated and added by self-inductor current to achieve lExc using this relation. Then, the voltage of the parallel branch which is 25Exc is added to Rct* lExc and the terminal voltage is obtained. Decreasing the Frequency and Performing the Test: As you know, the maximum output voltage of a device in one-phase mode is “450” volts. Usually, to avoid damaging the measuring equipment, measuring CTs go to saturation in low voltages. But the saturation voltage of some protection CTs such as “TPX”, “TPY” and “TPZ” is too high and usually this saturation point voltage is beyond the ability of the device. To test these CTs, it is possible to increase the voltage until the CT goes to saturation but some scientific references suggest that high voltages must not be fed into CTs because high voltages can damage the insulation resistance of the equipment. Another method for excitation test in CTs with too high saturation voltage is to decrease the frequency. This method is also mentioned in the standard CT excitation test, which can be performed with an “AMT105” device. As you saw, the knee point of a 5P10 protection CT in 50 Hz frequency was measured to be about 159 volts. If you wish to specify the value of the final voltage and injected frequency manually, you need to uncheck “Calc. from Test Object” option and fill “Frequency” and “V end” fields. For example, “25 Hz” and “186 volts” are entered as frequency and final voltage respectively which means “372 volts” in “50 Hz” frequency. Note that by changing the voltage, it is so much probable that the wirings change as well. In this method, “Demagnetize” option is checked by default so that the magnetic residue is removed and the aforementioned calculations are done. / / After adjusting this settings and specifying the test time, click on “Init Test” to initiate the test. As you can see in the “Signal View”, by decreasing the frequency and equating, the knee point is almost equal with what was measured in 50 Hz frequency. Therefore, in cases where the CT saturation point voltage is beyond the limit of the device, by decreasing the frequency, you can measure the knee point and its saturation. / OTHER TESTS PERFORMABLE IN “EXCITATION TEST” TAB By checking “Extra Data”, the additional information obtained from the excitation test is displayed. In the table of this section, the drawn current is displayed in EFS with 110 percent. Moreover, in “Custom” row it is possible to enter the voltage and view the current drawn in that voltage. For example, the current drawn in a 50 volt is … amps. “Ratio Table” In fact, this table is the standard turns ratio table which is completed by the software during the excitation test. Note that this table is completed using voltage turns ratio and in different burdens. Let us use a numerical example to explain how this section works. To begin the calculations, suppose that “Burden= 15 VA”, Current equals 0.5ln, power factor equals 0.8 and CT resistance equals 2 ohms. To create the nominal burden in CT nominal current, we can suppose that a 12 ohm resistance is connected to the two ends of the terminal. 15VA * 0.8 = 12 VA = 1* 12 According to the equivalent circuit, in 0.5ln or 0.5 amp current, voltage of the parallel branch is achieved from EExc = Rct+RL * I = 2+12*0.5= 7 V According to the equivalent circuit, using the relation, voltage of the primary side is achieved as 7*1/500 =14mV. This number is the voltage which is in half of the nominal current to be measured in the primary. Therefore, to fill the 1.5ln and 15VA cells, the software needs to create the 7volt in the the parallel secondary branch and measure its equivalent in the primary and finally, compare the measured value with the applied value. To create a 7 volt in the parallel branch, the device and the software need to apply "Vterminal" voltage to the CT in accordance with the displayed relation. Vterminal= EEXC+Rct* I= Vterminal = 7+ 2*I Since the current loaded from the device can be viewed at any moment, the voltage of the device to create the 7 volt parallel branch is obtained. The mentioned process is repeated for all cells of this table and the turns ratio error, phase displacement, composite error and “ALF” are calculated for different burdens. To perform this test, after doing the wiring for excitation test, it is necessary to connect the CT primary to inputs 1 and 10 and run the test after pressing “Init Test”. You will see that after the test is finished, the turns ratio obtained from “Ratio Table” is displayed in “N Turn”. Other than this “Pol.Check”, the tables related to this section are completed and the those cells that have error values beyond the allowed range are highlighted in red and displayed in “Error List” section. In the last table, “ALF” is calculated and displayed in different burdens. Resistance Measurement By checking “Rdc”, the winding resistance is measured using the voltage application and current measurement method. For this test, the capacitors are “Bypassed” using the binary output 1 and DC voltage is applied to the CT. Afterwards, input 5 is connected to the “CT” using binary output 3 and the actual voltage of the CT are measured. As you saw, during the process of resistance measurement, Binary outputs are closed. In the end, the resistance is measured. CT RATIO AND POLARITY TEST WITH CURRENT METHOD To perform a ratio and polarity test you should use “Ratio and Polarity Test With Current” tab. In this tab, turns ratio, polarity and phase deviation between “CT” primary and secondary is performed where “AC” current is injected and the secondary current is measured through “Input9”. To perform this test, you need to enter the current and time of the test in “State Setting”, in “I test” and “State Time” fields respectively. Before initiating the test some points must be considered. / The first point is that the current limit is “128” amps while the “Binary/Analog Input9” limit is “500” milliamps. But since in sometimes the “CT” secondary current exceeds “500” milliamps which damages the “Input9”, “Icalc” is limited to “450” milliamps. This means that you can increase the primary as much as that “Icalc” does not exceed “450” milliamps. The second point is that if the route resistance is too high and the device is not able to provide the needed “Burden”, to perform the test you should decrease the resistance. To do so, you can parallel “4” pieces of wire. The third point is that if even by using “4” pieces of wire the problem is not solved, you need to decrease the current. Note that the test current must be based on the standard because the software uses that to assess the test. The table made in this section is the basic standard for test assessment where the allowed turns ratio error and phase deviation are specified in percent and “minute” for classes of protection and measurements “CTs”. In turns ratio section, the allowed error for different percentages of nominal current and in the “phase” section allowed error is specified in minute. For example, for a “Measuring CT” with the class of “0.5”, in “5” percent of the nominal current, “1.5” percent turns ratio and “90” minutes of phase deviation error are allowed. But in “Protection” mode, the maximum error is determined independently from the primary current. For example, for a “Protection CT” with the accuracy class of “10P10”, the maximum allowed turns ratio error is “3” percent and there is no limitation mentioned for phase deviation. / After entering the information in “State Setting”, you should set the wiring according to the picture. In this wiring ,short circuit “Ia1”, “Ib1”, “Ia2” and “Ib2” together and “Ia3”, “Ib3”, “Ia4” and “Ib4” together and then according to the picture, connect a wire to “Ia1” and “Ib4” phases after passing it through the “CT”. To measure the secondary current, connect “Input9” to “S1” and “S2”. After wiring, for “CT Protection 500/1”, “10” percent of the nominal current which equals “50” amps and “1” seconds as time are entered and the test runs after “Init Test” is pressed. You can view the “States” created by the software in “Table View”. If “At Calibration State” is checked, in the first state with zero current, the secondary is measured and is deducted from the final result. The second state is the same as the specified test current. Note that if “At Calibration State” is not checked, the noise is not removed from the response. In “Signal View” section, the waveform of the specified current along with its “Actual” values and the current measured by “Input9” can be viewed. After the test is finished, the results can be viewed in “Turns Ratio Results”. “Icalc” is the secondary current calculated by the software in accordance with the turns ratio entered in “Test Object” and the “Itest”. “Iactual” is the actual value of the injected current, “Imeas” is the measured current and “Turns Ratio Nom” is the “CT” nominal turns ratio. “Turns Ratio Act” is measured by comparing “Imeas” and “Iactual” and finally, the assessment is recorded in “Assessment” field in accordance with the difference between “Turns Ratio Act” and “Turns Ratio Nom”; if “Deviation act.” is less than the value specified in the standard, the test “Passes” otherwise it fails. Here, since the fault percentage is less than the value specified in the standard, the test is “Passed”. / In “Phase” section, In “Phase Nom” and “Phase Act” the nominal phase deviation and the measured phase deviation are specified respectively. In “Phase Dev”, by comparing “Phase act” and “Phase nom”, the error in terms of minutes is calculated and the assessment is specified in “Assessment” field. In “Polarity” section, “Pol.Check” field assesses the validity of the polarity. And in the end, after the test is performed, it is necessary to add the results of the assessment to the report which is done by selecting “Add to Report”. / If to perform the test in higher currents or to have more valid results, you wish to perform the test “Manually”, you should set “Choose Measurement Mode” at “Manual” mode and according